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Belarusian science and scientists

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In January 1922 the Academy of Sciences of Belarus was established. At that time it embraced the research institutes of philosophy, law, linguistics, literature, history, ethnography. Rapid development of industry and agriculture in the republic brought into existence research institutes for various branches of national economy. New institutes of the Academy of Sciences have been founded: the institutes of physics, mathematics, physics of solid state and semiconductors1, electronics, nuclear energetics, cybernetics, physiology, genetics, photobiology, bio-organic chemistry, microbiology and some others. The Belarussian Academy of Sciences has become a big centre of sciences.

By 1998 the Academy numbered 76 academicians, 105 corresponding members2 and a staff of 11,000, including 465 doctors and about 2000 candidates of sciences. The Academy of Sciences was divided into five sections having a total of 39 Institutes, in particular Yanka Kupala Institute of Literature, Yakub Kolas Institute of Linguistics and the Institute of Art, Ethnography and Folklore. The latter has produced an impressive collection of more than 40 volumes of national folklore material.

Many Belarusian scientists have always enjoyed a worldwide reputation. Among them are: a well-known mathematician Academician V.P. Platonov; Academician N.A. Borissevich, an authority in the field of molecular spectography; Academician G. I. Goretsky, known by his studies of pre-historic rivers in the European part of Russia; Academician P.I. Alsmic - potato selectionist and many, many others.

Belarusian scientists are not the least in such a field of science as nuclear energetics. The achievements of Belarusian geologists are evident in the discovery and exploration3 of some deposits of potassium salts, petroleum, polymetallic ores4 and other minerals on the territory of the republic. Many thermophysicists of Belarus work out and put into practice highly efficient technological processes of drying grain, food products, medicinal and bacteriological compounds, of stabilizing microcircuits5 in radio engineering.

It can't be said too much6 about the achievements of Belarusian scientists in all fields of science. The achievements are great. They might be much more impressive if it were not for7 the economic difficulties the Belarusian people face at present.

But we are optimists and believe in the better nearest future.

 

1 semiconductor – полупроводник

2 corresponding member – член-корреспондент

3 exploration – исследование

4 polymetallic ores – полиметаллические руды

5 microcircuit – микроцепь

6 It can’t be said too much – Нельзя преувеличить, сказав о …

7 if it were not for – если бы не

 

Zhores Alferov who was born in Vitebsk in a Belarusian-Jewish mixed family is a Russian physicist and academic who contributed significantly to the creation of modern heterostructure physics and electronics. He is an inventor of the heterotransistor and the winner of 2000 Nobel Prize in Physics.

In 1952 he graduated from V. I. Ulyanov (Lenin) Electrotechnical Institute in Leningrad. Since 1953 he has worked in the Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences. From the Institute he earned several scientific degrees: a Candidate of Sciences in Technology in 1961 and a Doctor of Sciences in Physics and Mathematics in 1970. He has been director of the Institute since 1987. He was elected a corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences in 1972, and a full member in 1979. From 1989 he has been Vice-President of the USSR Academy of Sciences and President of its Saint Petersburg Scientific Center. Since 1995 he is a member of the State Duma on the list of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation. He received 2000 Nobel Prize in Physics together with Herbert Kroemer, "for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed- and optoelectronics".

Alferov invented the heterotransistor. This coped with much higher frequencies than its predecessors, and apparently revolutionised the mobile phone and satellite communications. Alverov and Kroemer independently applied this technology to firing laser lights. This in turn revolutionised semiconductor design in a host of areas, including LEDs, barcodes readers and CDs.

Hermann Grimmeiss, of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, which awards Nobel prizes, said: "Without Alferov, it would not be possible to transfer all the information from satellites down to the Earth or to have so many telephone lines between cities."

 

Pavel Sukhoi (July 22, 1895, Hlybokaye – September 15, 1975) was a Belarusian Soviet aircraft constructor and designer.

Sukhoi was born in Hlybokaye near Vitebsk, a small town in Belarus. He went to school from 1905 to 1914 at the Gomel Gymnasium. In 1915 he went to the Imperial Moscow Technical School (today known as BMSTU). After World War I broke out, he was drafted by the army; in 1920 he was demobilized because of health related problems and he went back to the BMSTU, graduating in 1925.

In 1925 he wrote his thesis named Chasseur Single-engined aircraft of 300 cv under the direction of Andrei Tupolev. In March 1925 he started working as an engineer/designer with TsAGI (The Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute). During the following years, Sukhoi designed and constructed aircraft of world renown. Examples include the heavy bombers TB-1 and TB-3. In 1932 he was assigned head of engineering and design department in TsAGI and in 1938 he was promoted to head of the department of design.

In September 1939 Sukhoi founded an independent engineering and design department named Sukhoi Design Bureau (OKB Sukhoi). Located in Kharkov, Sukhoi was not satisfied with the geographical location of the OKB. The OKB was isolated from the scientific pole of Moscow and insisted that the OKB would relocate to the aerodome of Podmoskovye. The relocation was completed in the first half of 1940. In the winter of 1942 Sukhoi encountered another problem — since he had no production line of its own he had nothing to do. He had developed a new ground-attack plane, the Su-6, but Stalin decided that this plane should not be taken in production, in a favour of Ilyushin Il-2. The reasons for this were that, first: the production of the other planes would slow down and in time of war this was not good, and second, Stalin didn't seem to particularly like Sukhoi.

The aircraft-bombers developed under Sukhoi are the Su-17 and the Su-24. The last fighter Sukhoi designed was the T-10 (Su-27) but he did not live to see it fly. On December 25, 1975 the President of the Academy of Science of the Soviet Union posthumously decorated Sukhoi with the golden medal, in recognition of his deep scientific scholarship.

 


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