Task 7. Read and translate each part using a dictionary.

Task 8. Find Russian equivalents for the following words and phrases in the text:

to identified as causal agents for a variety of diseases, the combustion of fossil fuel, to yield more efficient furnaces, waste minimization, precursor hydrocarbons, adequacy of general ventilation, exposure to nat­urally occurring radioactive materials, global impact, to be developed on health based criteria, deterioration, to be attributed to, the tarnishing of silver, the fading of dyes.

Task 9. Find English equivalents for the following words and phrases in the text:

облучение, доза облучения; незащищенность от воздействия, загрязнение воздуха среднего масштаба; окружающий воздух; загрязняющее вещество с установленным предельно допустимым содержанием; опасное атмосферное загрязняющее вещество; абразия, истирание; восстановитель;

выбрасывать, распространять; достаточный запас прочности; разрушительное соединение; проистекать, происходить, следовать; допустимое облучение; воздействие окружающей среды; производить; способствовать; исследовать, изучать; активное соединение; достаточно; пищеварительный тракт, недра; печи, топки; увеличиваться; влажность.

Task 10. Complete the following sentences:

1. … is of public health concern on several scales: micro, meso, and macro.

2. Indoor air pollution results from products …, …, and … that may result in ….

3. Macro-scale impacts include transport of ambient air pollutants … and ….

4. These standards are divided into … and … according to criteria pollutants (CO, Lead, No2, Ozone, Particulate matter, SO2).

5. Seven … were regulated: asbestos, arsenic, benzene, beryllium, mercury, vinyl chloride, and radionuclides.

6. Five mechanisms of deterioration have been attributed to air pollution: …, … and …, …, … and ….

7. … and … that settle on exposed surfaces do not cause more than ….

8. Indirect chemical attack occurs when pollutants … and then … with … to form a destructive compound.

9. The compound may be destructive because it forms an …, …, or ….

10. In addition …, … stimulates air pollution damage by ….

11. If the allowable concentration levels must also protect those with existing …, they should be lower than those resulting from the observed effects on rodents.

12. Exposure to air toxics in the work place is generally much higher than in …

13. The best and first step in any air pollution control strategy should be ….

14. Since a large proportion of air pollutants re­sults from …, an obvious approach to waste minimization is ….

15. Because of the interrelationship between … and water …, water conservation also … air pollution.

16. … such as solar, wind, and nuclear also reduce air pollution emissions. (Nuclear power, of course, has a series of pollution problems that ….

17. In a similar fashion, the production of ozone in the lower atmosphere can only be reduced … and ….

Task 13 Find in the text answers to the following questions. Work in pairs. Use such expressions as: I think/suppose/ consider/believe; to my mind/ in my opinion; as far as I remember/ know/ understand; Let me see...; How shall I put it?; Well, let me think..; Let's put it this way...; I'll have to think about that; The best way I can answer that is…; That's a good question.; That's a difficult question. Let me see...

1. What is of public health concern? On what scale?

2. What do Micro scale/ meso scale/ Macro scale problems range from?

3. What does indoor air pollution result from?

4. What contributes to meso scale air pollution?

5. What does Macro scale effect include? What are the examples of it?

6. What is the aim of the National Ambient standards?

7. What are they divided into?

8. What are these standards intended to prevent and to protect?

9. What are the three basic units of measure used in recoding air pollutants data?

10. what are the mechanisms attributed to air pollution?

11.What are the types of deterioration? What are they caused by?

12.How is direct/ indirect chemical attack occur?

13.Why are the compounds formed after indirect chemical attack destructive?

14. What does oxidation/ reduction caused? What do these differences result in?

15.What influences the rate of deterioration?

16.What is the role of rain in reducing effect of pollutant?

17.What provides energy for pollutant formation?

18.What influences the rate of deterioration and in what way?

19. Is it easy to asses the effects of air pollution on human health? Why?

20.What factors must be taken into consideration working out the allowable concentration standards? What must these standards protect?

21.Why is the information on the direct human health effect of HAPs неполная?

22.What do HAPs cause and what do they effect?

23.What is the aim of any air pollution control strategy?

24.What are the air pollutants result from?

25.What are the possible ways of solving these problems?

26.What do you think may help to reduce air pollution?

27. Why is it important to reduce hydrocarbon release? How can it be done?

Task14. Look through the text again and be ready to do the fol­lowing without the aid of your texts or notes:

1. List the six criteria air pollutants for which National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) have been designated.

2. List and define three units of measure used to report air pollution data.

3. Explain the influence of moisture, temperature, and sunlight on the severity of air pollution effects on materials.

4. Differentiate between acute and chronic health effects from air pollution.

5. Explain how evaporative emissions and exhaust emissions are commonly controlled.

Task 15. Match the following definitions with their terms:

… is a generic term that encompasses the sum of all measures of waste avoidance, non-harmful treatment, recovery, reuse, and final disposal of wastes of all types while giving due consideration to ecological and economic aspects.	compaction landfill
… is used for the disposal of clean C&D waste that is deposited and compacted in layers 1.4 to 2 m thick. The goal of this landfill operation is to achieve the highest level of compaction with minimal use of equipment.	waste management

Task 16. Explain in your own words following words and phrases:

Task 17. Guess the term:

- … is all uncontaminated water, i.e., water that has not been in contact with waste. Included all surface water generated from outside of the landfill, the surface runoff from the covered waste, or from a final cover, as well as the precipitation from prepared landfill cells not yet in use.

- … is all contaminated water that has been in contact with waste, any water that infiltrates the landfill and mixes with liquids in the waste. becomes leachate. To what degree this water becomes contaminated by unbalances contained in the waste depends on a variety of factors.

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