ПО СПЕЦИАЛЬНОСТИ

ЭКЗАМЕНАЦИОННЫЕ ВОПРОСЫ

ПО НОРМАЛЬНОЙ ФИЗИОЛОГИИ

ДЛЯ СТУДЕНТОВ 2 КУРСА МИМОС С ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕМ ЯЗЫКА-ПОСРЕДНИКА (АНГЛИЙСКИЙ)

ПО СПЕЦИАЛЬНОСТИ

«ЛЕЧЕБНОЕ ДЕЛО»

Вопросы рассмотрены и утверждены на заседании кафедры нормальной физиологии - протокол №1 от 30.08.2014.

Part 1. General physiology

Introduction

1. Physiology, it object and problems. Connection between physiology and other sciences. Conception of organism and it elements. Levels of morphfunctional organization of human organism.

2. Dialectic materialistic bases of physiology. Methodological and methodical aspects of physiology. Role of Sechenov and Pavlov in creation of materialistic basis of physiology. Criticism of ideal tendencies of physiology.

3. Main stages of physiology development. Contribution of Russian physiologists in physiology development. Peculiarity of modern period of physiology development. Social meaning of modern physiology.

4. Physiology as scientific basis of medicine, estimation of health state, forming of healthy way of life and prognosis of functional state and work -ability of healthy man.

Basic principles of forming and regulation of physiological functions

5. Unity of organism and environment. Homeostasis, homeokinesis. Conception of hard and soft constants.

6. Cell. Functions of cells and cell organelles. Organization of plasma membrane, it function, ionic cannels. Transport of substances through cell membranes.

7. Tissues of organism. Main types and functions of tissues. Organ. The structurally-functional unit. The functional element of organ.

8. The physiological function. Parameter. Norm of function. Interrelation between structure and function. Age-dependent changes of functions.

9. Physiological bases of functions. Excitability and irritability as a basis of tissue reaction on irritation. Irritators, its types. Membrane and intracell processes under Irritability of cells.

10. Main principles of forming and regulation of physiological functions. Levels and mechanisms, interrelations between physiological functions. Conception of autoregulation as a base of preservation of constant inside environment. Cybernetic principles of function of an organism regulation. Role of negative and positive, humoral and nervous reversed relation (feed-back) in autoregulation of functions.

11. Humoral regulation, physiological active substances (hormones, peptide, metabolites, organ active factors). it reception. Nervous mechanisms of regulation (central and periphery, somatic and autonomic reflexes, acson- reflex). Interrelations of nervous and humoral regulative mechanisms.

12. Principles of autoregulation of internal medium. Conception of homeostasis and homeokinesis as base of functions regulation. Regulation by deviation, indignation and prediction. Role of feed-backs.

13. System organization of functions (Pavlov, Anokhin). Levels of system organization. The physiological system. The functional system and the useful adaptive result as system – forming factor.

14. Systemogenesis as a principle of development and forming of an organism. Age-dependent periodization of human ontogenesis. Age-dependent peculiarities of forming and regulation of physiological functions.

Physiology of excitable tissues

15. Modern ideas of structure and functions of membranes. Active and passive transport of substances through membranes. Ionic cannels of membranes, ionic gradients of cells, mechanisms of it forming.

16. Membrane rest potential. Conditions and mechanisms of it forming. It functional role.

17. Prepotential. Mechanisms of it forming and peculiarities. Critical level of depolarization. Action potential (AP), it phases and mechanisms. Functional role of AP.

18. Excitability, it estimation (threshold of irritation – threshold strength, threshold time). Changes of excitability during excitation. Correlation of excitability phases with phases of action potential. Mechanisms of nonexcitability.

19. Laws of irritation of excitable tissues; law of strength (strength relations), optimum and pessimum of strength, law “everything or nothing”, law of steep increase of irritate strength (accommodation). Conception of reobase and chronakhsia. Chronaximetry.

20. Changes of excitability under the conditions of constant current in alive tissue (polar law, electroton, katodic depression). Lability, parabiosis and it phases (Vvedenskiy).

21. Physiological properties of skeletal muscle. Single muscle contraction, it phase. Summation of contractions, tetanus and it types. Types of muscle contractions. Strength and work of muscles. Law of medium loads. Dynamometria.

22. Motor units, it types and functional peculiarities. Structure of nervous muscular synapses and mechanism of transfer in it. Mediators, it synthesis, secretions and interactions with receptors. Mechanism of tetanus generation in natural conditions. Electromyography.

23. Modern idea of muscle contraction and relaxation. Bioelectrical, chemical and thermal processes in muscle.

24. Functional characteristic of smooth muscle. Peculiarities of membrane potentials. Peculiarities of nervous muscular mechanism. Mechanism of contraction and relaxation.

Physiology of CNS

25. CNS, it main functions. Neuron as structurally functional unit of nervous system. Classifications of neurons, it structurally-functional elements. Mechanism of excitation generation. Integrative function of neurons. Functions of glia. Functional element of brain. Neuronograghia.

26. Propagation of excitation in myelinic and nonmyelinated nervous fibers. Classification of nervous fibers. It excitability and lability. Peculiarities of excitation conduction along the nervous fibers and nerves.

27. Receptors: definition, properties, classification, mechanisms of excitation. Definition of receptor field and reflex zone.

28. Structure and classification of synapses. Mechanism of excitation and inhibition of transmission in synapses. Interaction of mediator and postsynaptic and presynaptic membrane receptors in the chemical synapse. Ionic mechanisms of EPSP. Mechanisms of transmission in electrical synapses.

29. Reflex principle of nervous system activity (Decart, Prohaska, Sechenov, Pavlov, Anokhin). Principles of the reflex theory (determinism, analysis and synthesis, unity of structure and function). Classifications of reflexes. Reflex arc. Back afferentation (feed-back), it meaning. The definition of the good adaptive result. Chronoreflexmetria.

30. Basic regulation of excitation in CNS. Definition of nervous nets work. Spatial and temporary summation, relief and occlusion, transformation of rhythm, posttetanic potentiation, low lability, fatiguability, sensitivity to neurotropic substances.

31. Main principles of propagation of excitation in nervous system: unilateral conduction, central suppression, convergence and divergence, multiplication and irradiation, reverberation.

32. Inhibition in CNS (Sechenov, Ekkls, Renshou). Main types of central inhibition (postsynaptic and presynaptic) and it mechanisms. Inhibition in nervous centers (recurrent, lateral, reciprocal).

33. General principles of coordinative activity in CNS: interaction between processes of excitation and inhibition, principles of domination, “general terminal patch”, relief, occlusion, reciprocal, patch-beater, feed-back. Electroencephalography.

34. Integrative activity of CNS, levels of integration. Functional element of brain. Systemic organization of brain functions according to principle of interaction of projectional, associative and integrative-start systems. The definition of the functional system (Anokhin). Signal brain functions: gnosis, praxis. Brain evoked potentials.

35. Role of the spinal cord in regulation of locomotor system activity and autonomic functions of an organism. The segmental and intersegmental principles of spinal cord work. The spinal cord centers. Guide functions of the spinal cord. Investigation of the spinal (taste and skin-muscle) reflexes.

36. The spinal mechanisms of muscle tonus and phase activity regulation.

* Clinically important spinal reflexes. Characteristics of a spinal organism.

37. The myelencephalon and the pons. Participation of it centers in the processes of functions autoregulation. it role in a muscle tonus regulation. Postyre reflexes. Decerebrate rigidity. Conductive functions of brain. Cut, destruction and irritation as methods of CNS investigations.

38. Physiology of mesencephalon. Reflex activity and participation in functions autoregulation. Functions of quadrigeminal plate, red nucleus, black substance, locus coeruleus, central gray substance, nucleus 3d and 4th cranial nerves.

39. Role of mesencephalon and myelencephalon in regulation of phase-tonic muscles activity. Righting reflexes: static and static-kinetic reflexes (Magnus). Selfregulative mechanisms of supportion of vertical posture and body balans. Orientational reflexes.

40. Physiology of cerebellum. it influence to motor and autonomic functions of organism. Interrelations between cortex of cerebellum and it nucleuses.

41. Reticular formation of brain trunk. Peculiarities of it neurons. Descending influences of reticular formation on spinal cords reflex activity (Sechenov, Megun). Ascending active influences on telencephalon. Electroencephalography. Participation of reticular formation in CNS integrative activity.

42. Thalamus as collector of sensitive tracts. Functional characteristic of thalamus nucleus groups (specific and non specific). Cortex- thalamus interactions. it meaning in brain integrative activity. Stereotaxic method.

43. Hypothalamus. Characteristic of basic nucleus groups. Peculiarities of it neurons (neuroreception, neurosecretion, peculiarities of blood-brain barrier, profuse blood supply). Role of hypothalamus in integration of autonomic, somatic and endocrine functions in forming of motivations, emotions, stress, biorhythms. Stereotaxic method.

44. Limbic system of brain. It role in forming of motivations, emotions and in organization of memory. Participation in autoregulation of autonomic functions and integrative activity of CNS.

45. Role of basal nucleuses in forming of muscle tonus, compound motor acts and organization of motor programs. Meaning of dophamin- ergic, GABA- ergic and other relations. Interactions of black substance with striate body and other structures of extrapyramidal system.

46. Hippocampus. It role in the mechanisms of memory and studing. Corpus amygdaloideum, it Participation in the regulation of autonomic functions, modulation of motivations and emotions.

47. Modern idea of corticalization and localization of functions in cortex. Polyfunction and plastic of cortex. Sensory (projectional), efferental and associative areas of cortex. Column organization of cortex. Cortex-visceral interrelations. (Bikov). Evoked biopotentials of the brain.

48. Pair principal in activity of cortex. Functional asymmetry of cortex and it role in realization of maximum psychic functions (speech, perception, attention, thinking, emotion and other). Functional computer tomography.

49. Structural-functional peculiarities of autonomic nervous system organization. Principles of organization of efferent part of autonomic reflexes. Autonomic ganglion. Mediators of autonomic nervous system. Main types of receptors (cholino-, adrenoreceptors and other).

50. Influence of sympathetic and parasympathetic parts of autonomic nervous system on the innervative organs. Sinergism and antagonism of it influences.

51. Autonomic centers. Hypothalamus, cerebellum, Limbic system, reticular formation and cortex in regulation of autonomic functions. Autonomic compounds of behavior.

PHYSIOLOGY OF HEMADENS

1. Concept of endocrine system. Formation and secretion of hormones, transport of it by blood, metabolism and excretion. The basic cell mechanisms of hormones activity. Methods of hemadens study.

2. A self-regulation of endocrine system. A trancehypophysial and parahypophysial regulation of hemadens. Connections of hemadens and nervous system.

3. Hypothalamo - pituitary system, it functional linkages. Neurosecretions of a hypothalamus: liberins, statins. Hormones of adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis, it physiological effects.

4. Functions of thyroid and parathyroid glands, regulation of it activity.

5. Endocrine function of pancreas and it role in a regulation of metabolism. Regulation of pancreas endocrine function.

6. Physiology of adrenal glands. Role of cortex and medulla substance hormones of adrenal glands in regulation of an organism functions. Regulation of adrenal glands functions.

7. Sexual glands. Man and female sexual hormones and it physiological role in shaping of sex and regulation of reproduction processes. Female sexual cycle. Endocrine function of placenta. Regulation of endocrine function of sexual glands.

8. Functions of epiphysis and thymus hormones, regulation of it activity.

Part II. special PHYSIOLOGY

BLOOD, LYMPH, INTERCELLULAR Liquid

1. Concept of system of a blood (G.F.Lang), it function. Composition of blood, it basic physicochemical constants. Electrolyte composition of blood plasma. Osmotic pressure. Functional system providing a constance of blood osmotic pressure. Estimation of erythrocytes osmotic resistance, hematocrit, ESV.

2. Functional system providing a constance of blood acid-base state. A role of hematic (buffer systems of blood) and visceral systems (lungs, kidneys, a gastrointestinal tract) in maintenance of the ABC. Methods of estimation of ABC parameters. * Evaluation of ABC parameters.

3. Proteins of plasma, it characteristic and functional role. Oncotic pressure of blood and it role in maintenance of water exchange between vascular and histic intercellular departments.

4. Characteristic of erythrocytes, it role in an organism. Types of a haemoglobin, it physiological role. Hemolysis, it types. A nervous - humoral regulation of erythrogenesis. Scoring of erythrocytes in blood, estimation of haemoglobin and color index.

5. Leucocytes, it types. The leukocytic formula. Functions of various types of leucocytes. Humoral and nervous control of leukopoiesis. Scoring of leucocytes in blood. * Evaluation of results of general blood analysis.

6. Concept of functional system of regulation of blood aggregation state. Process of blood coagulation. Vessel-thrombocyte and coagulative hemostasis, it phases. Regulation of process of blood coagulation. * estimation of bleeding time, blood clotting time.

7. Anticoagulative system of blood. A role of anticoagulants system. Phases and mechanisms of fibrinolysis. * Thromboelastography. Estimation of prothrombin time, plasma recalcification time, tolerance of plasma to Heparinum.

8. Blood groups. A Rh factor. Rules of a hemotransfusion. Blood-substituting solutions. * blood groups estimations, rhesus factor estimations.

9. Lymph, it composition, functions. Extravascular fluid mediums (interstitial, medullispinal, pleural, etc.), it role in an organism.

PHYSIOLOGY OF CIRCULATION

10. Circulation, it role for organism. General plan of a circulatory system structure. Circulation as a component of various functional systems of organism, supporting a homeostasis. The Heart. Role of it chambers and the valval apparatus.

11. Cardiocycle, it structure, pressure variation and volume of a blood variation in cardial cavities during various phases of Cardiocycle. Systolic and minute volume of blood, cardiac index. Estimation of systolic and minute volume of blood. Research techniques of a cardial cycle.

12. Physiological properties of heart. The automaticity, an action potential of atypical cardiomyocytes, phases and mechanisms. Conductive system of heart and it functional peculiarities.

13. An action potential of typical cardiomyocytes, it phases and mechanisms. Contraction of myocardium and it feature. An interrelation of excitation, an excitability and contraction in a cardiomyocyte. An extrasystole.

14. Regulation of heart activity (myogenetic, nervous and humoral). Reflexogenic zones of heart and blood vessels. * measuring of heart contractions rate. A palpation of arterial puls.

15. External exhibitings of cardiac activity (electrical, acustical, mechanical), it origin. Research techniques of cardiac sounds. Methods of recording of heart mechanical activity (ballistocardiography, echocardiography).

16. Physiological bases of electrocardiographies (ECG). Origin of ECG components. * the ECG of the healthy human being.

17. Fundamental laws of hemodynamics. Linear and volume rate of blood-flow in various departments of circulation system. Functional classification of blood vessels. The factors providing blood flow in blood vessels of high and low pressure. Estimation of the complete circulation of a blood.

18. Blood pressure, it types. The factors, defining a blood pressure quantity. Arterial and venous pulse, it origin. * indirect method of arterial pressure estimation. Arterial oscillography. Estimation of a venous pressure.

19. The characteristic of a microcirculatory bloodstream. Concept of organization of a histic functional element (A.M. Chernuh). A capillary blood-flow and it peculiarities. A role of microcirculation in mechanisms of an exchange of fluid and various substances between blood and tissues.

20. Vascular tone and it types. Physiological mechanisms of blood vessels tone regulation (myogenetic, metabolic, nervous and humoral). Methods of vascular responses estimation (plethysmography, rheography).

21. Reflex regulation of systemic arterial pressure. Role of vascular reflexogenic zones. A vasomotor center.

22. Physiological properties of heart circulation, lungs and brain circulation.

23. Functional system of blood pressure and regional blood-flow maintenance, it central and peripheric components.

Functional loading test of Shalkov (+ evaluation).

24. Lymphatic system, functions of a lymph. Mechanisms of a lymphopoiesis and lymph drainage, it regulation.

PHYSIOLOGY OF RESPIRATION

25. General concept of respiration system. Role of respiration for an organism. Not respiratory functions of lungs.

26. Respiration, it phases. Mechanisms of an external respiration, a mechanism of inspiration and expiration. Pressure in a pleural cavity, a origin, a role and change in various phases of a respiratory cycle. Spirography and spirometry. Plethysmography and pneumotachometry.

27. A gas exchange in lungs. Fractional pressure of gases (Oxygenium and a carbon dioxide) in an alveolar air and a tension of gases in blood. A pulmonary membrane and diffusion capacity of lungs. The attitude between a blood-flow and ventilation of lungs. Composition of inhaled, exhaled and an alveolar air.

28. Transport of Oxygenium by blood. The curve of oxyhemoglobin dissociation, it characteristic. Oxygenous capacity of blood. Transport of a carbon dioxide by blood. Role of carboanhydrase. Research techniques of blood gas composition.

29. A gas exchange between a blood and tissues. Quotient of utilization of Oxygenium. Partial tension of Oxygenium and carbon dioxide in an intercellular liquid and cells. Histic respiration. Role of myoglobin.

30. Physiology of respiratory tract. Regulation of respiratory pathes lumen. Role of ciliated epithelium and mucociliary clearance. Protective reflexes (tussis, sneezing, etc.).

31. A respiratory center (N.A.Mislavsky). The modern representation of it structure and localization. The structures of CNS providing the respiratory periodical function. Section, destruction, stimulation as a research techniques of a respiratory center organization. Stereotaxic procedure.

32. Reflex mechanisms of respiration self-regulation. Mechanioreceptors of lungs and respiratory muscles. it functional role. The mechanism of respiratory phases changing.

33. Humoral regulation of respiration. Central and peripheric chemoceptors. it role in maintenance of gas homeostasis of an arterial blood. The mechanism of the first inspiration of the neonatal child.

34. Regulatory effects from the the highest departments of a brain (a hypothalamus, limbic system, a cortex of major hemispheres) on a respiratory center. A conditioned-reflex and voluntary regulation of respiration. Respiration at speech.

35. Respiration at physical work. Respiration under the conditions of increased and decreased barometric pressure and at change of a gaseous medium. Functional system providing a constance of blood gas composition. Analysis of it central and peripheric components. * Stange's and Genche’s tests: method and evaluation of functional loading results.

PHYSIOLOGY OF DIGESTION

36. Functional system providing maintenance of nutrients level constancy in blood. The food centre. Stereotactic procedure of it organization study. Alimentary motivation. Physiological bases of hunger and satiety. Appetite.

37. System of digestion. Functions of digestive tube. Types of digestion in dependence on an origination of enzymes and hydrolysis localization. Principles and mechanisms of alimentary system activity regulation. The role of reflex, humoral and intrinsic mechanisms of regulation. Hormones of gastrointestinal tract. Digestion research techniques.

38. The non-alimentary functions of gastrointestinal tract - excretory, endocrine, immune, etc. Incretion of alimentary enzymes.

39. Digestion in oral cavity. Analysis of nutrition properties. Self-regulation of the masticatory act. Composition and physiological role of saliva. Salivation and it regulation.

40. Swallowing, it phases and self-regulation. Functional properties of esophagus.

41. Digestion in stomach. Composition and properties of gastric juice, it role in digestion. Regulation of stomach secretion. Phases of gastric juice secretion. Types of stomach contraction. An evacuation of stomach content from stomach. Neurohumoral regulation of stomach locomotion.

42. Digestion in duodenum. Pancreas exocrine activity. Composition and properties of pancreatic juice. Regulation of pancreatic secretion. Adaptation of it secretion to nutrition type.

43. The role of liver in digestion. Composition and properties of gall. Regulation of bilification (choleresis) and it excretion (cholekinesis) in duodenum. Hepatoenteric circulation of cholic acids. An excretion of cholic pigments.

44. Composition and properties of small intestine juice. Regulation of it secretion. Cavitary and parietal digestion. Motor activity of small intestine and it regulation.

45. Digestion properties in colon. Role of intestinal microflora. Motor activity of large intestine and it regulation. The defecation.

46. An adsorption of substances in various departments of digestive tube. It mechanisms, regulation of adsorption of substances.

METABOLISM AND ENERGY EXCHANGE. FEEDING.

47. Concept of a metabolism in an organism. Processes of assimilation and a dissimilation. A plastic and energy role of nutrients. Common views about an exchange in an organism of fats, carbohydrates, proteins and it neurohormonal regulation. Nitrous balance.

48. The energy balance of an organism. The basic exchange. Role of it estimation for clinic. Specific dynamic action of nutrition. A working exchange. Energy expenditures of an organism at different types of a labour. Methods of estimation of energy expenditures in an organism.

49. Role of mineral substances, trace substances and vitamins in an organism. A water balance. A regulation of a water - electrolyte exchange.

50. Physiological bases of a balanced diet. Norms of a feeding in dependence on an age, a type of a labour and a state of an organism. Theories of a balanced and adequate feeding. Principles of a nutrient budget making.

THERMOREGULATION

51. A constance of an internal environment temperature of an organism as a necessary requirement of normal passing of metabolic processes. A body temperature of the human being and it daily oscillations. Temperature of various fields of integuments and an internals. * Measuring of a body temperature.

52. A heat production. A metabolism as a source of a heat formation. A role of separate organs in a heat production, a regulation of this process.

53. A heat emission. Methods of heat output from a body surface. Physiological mechanisms of a regulation of a heat emission. Research techniques of a diaphoresis (perspiration).

54. Functional system of a regulation of an isothermia. Thermoreceptors. Peripheric and central mechanisms of a thermoregulation. Center of a thermoregulation.

PHYSIOLOGY OF EXCRETION.

55. Excretory organs, it involvement in maintenance of a homeostasis of an organism. A role of kidneys in excretory system. A blood circulation in kidneys, properties of it regulation. * Estimation of a renal blood-flow (a clearance on the PAH).

56. Nephron as morphofunctional unit of kidneys. Mechanisms of a glomerular filtration. Composition and quantity of primary urine. *Estimation of a glomerular filtration rates.

57. Formation of final urine. A reabsorption in tubules and mechanisms of it regulation. Processes of a secretion and a excretion in renal tubules. The counter-current system. Composition and quantity of final urine. Estimation of reabsorption and a secretion rate. * Estimation of results of general analysis of urine.

58. Role of kidneys in regulation of blood acid-base state.

59. Role of kidneys in maintenance of nitrous balance, osmotic pressure and blood volume. Examination of osmotic delution.

60. Kidneys excretory activity regulation (role of nervous and humoral factors in a uropoiesis regulation}.

61. Urinary pathes. Functions of pyelocaliceal system, ureters, urinary bladder, a urethra. Reflex regulation of urination.

62. Incretory functions of kidneys, it role in a regulation of arterial pressure, an erythrogenesis and an exchange of calcium. Metabolic functions of kidneys.

63. Skin as an excretory organ. Functions of oil glands and sweat glands, a regulation of it activity. Non-excretory functions of skin (barrier, protective, thermoregulating).

PART III. INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY

ANALYZERS (SENSORY SYSTEMS)

1. Concept of sense bodys and sensory systems, it value for functions of an organism and in knowledge of the world. Doctrine of I.P. Pavlov about analyzers. A receptor department of sensory systems, classification of receptors, it functions (detection, discrimination and encoding of signals).

2. A conducting department of sensory systems. Peculiarities of afferent excitation conduction. Specific and nonspecific pathes. Involvement of subcortical formations in conduction and processing of the afferent information.

3. A cortical department of analyzers. Localization of afferent functions (projection zones). Mono-and polimodal neurones. Processes of the highest cortical analysis and synthesis of afferent excitations. Encoding of the information. The law of the Weber - Fehner. A regulation of analyzers activity. Adaptation of analyzers, it peripheric and central mechanisms. Functional mobility of receptors. Interaction of analyzers.

4. The characteristic of the visual analyzer. The dioptric and receptor apparatus. Physiological mechanisms of an accommodation of an eye and responses of a pupil. Adaptation of the visual analyzer, it mechanisms. Definition of vision field. Visual acuity. Definition of visual acuity. Examination of a pupillary test and associated response of pupils to light.

5. Photochemical and electrical processes in a retina at activity of light. Functions of bipolar and ganglionic cells of a retina. Theories of a colour vision (the M.t. Lomonosov, G.Gelmgolts, E.Goering). The modern representations of perception of colour. Ground forms of infringement of a colour vision. Definition of colour vision.

6. Conducting and cortical departments of the visual analyzer. Shaping of a visual object. A role of dextral and left hemispheres in a vision.

7. Acoustic analyzer. Sound ranging, sound-conducting and sound-perceiving apparatuses. A receptor department of an acoustic analyzer, the mechanism of it excitation. Theories of perception of tones (G.Gelmgolts, G.Bekeshi). * examinations of an acoustic analyzer (Rinne and Weber probe).

8. Conducting and cortical departments of an acoustic analyzer. Binaural audition. Central mechanisms of analysis of notes. * Tone and a voice audiometry.

9. The role of the vestibular analyzer in perception and an evaluation of a position of a body in space, at it mobility, in regulations of muscles tone. Receptor, conducting and cortical departments. Activity of the vestibular analyzer at accelerations and in a zero gravity. Research techniques of the vestibular analyzer.

10. The motor analyzer, it role in perception and an evaluation of a position of a body in space, in shaping of locomotions. Receptor, conducting and cortical departments.

11. The tactile analyzer. A role in perception of a tangency, pressure and vibration. Receptor, conducting and cortical departments. Research techniques of a tactile analyzer.

12. The role of the temperature analyzer in perception of temperature of an external environment and an internal environment of an organism in maintenance of a temperature homeostasis. Receptor, conducting and cortical departments.

13. The physiological characteristic of the olfactory analyzer. Receptor, conducting and cortical departments. Classification of smells, the mechanism of it perception. Examination of olfactory sensitivity.

14. The gustatory analyzer. Receptor, conducting and cortical departments. Classification of gustatory sensations. Examination of the gustatory analyzer.

15. The interoceptive analyzer. it role in maintenance of a homeostasis. Types of interoreceptors. Conducting and cortical departments.

16. Physiological value of a pain. The modern representation of nociceptive system. Projection and synalgias. Zones of Zakharyin - Gedd. Antinociceptive system, it neurophysiological and neurochemical mechanisms. Interaction of noci and antinociceptive systems. * pain sensitivity.

THE HIGHEST NERVOUS ACTIVITY

1. Inborn forms of behaviour (unconditioned reflexes and instincts), it value for adaptive activity. A role of ethology in examination of inborn forms of behaviour.

2. A conditioned reflex as one of study forms of behaviour in changeable ecological conditions (I.P. Pavlov). Legitimacies of formation and exhibiting of conditioned reflexes, it classification.

3. Physiological mechanisms of formation of conditioned reflexes, it structurally functional bases. Development of representations of I.P. Pavlov about mechanisms of shaping of time connections.

4. Inhibition of conditioned reflexes. Types of cortical inhibition, it mechanisms. Neuropharmacologic examinations of inhibition (P.M.Nikiforovsky).

5. Analytic-synthetic activity of major hemispheres. Conditioned-reflex relaying. A dynamic stereotype, it physiological nature, value for acquisition of labor skills.

6. Motivations. Classification of motivations, sensory and metabolic the mechanism of it originating. Neuroanatomy, neurophysiology and a neurochemistry of motivations. A stereotactic research technique.

7. Emotions, it biological role. Theories of emotions, a role of structures of a brain in it shaping. Autonomic and somatic components of exhibiting of emotions. Methods of recording of somatic and autonomic changes at emotional responses.

8. Sleep, it types and phases. Mechanisms and theories of dream (I.P. Pauls, V.Gess, P.K.Anokhin). Dreamings. An electroencephalographic research technique of mechanisms of sleep.

9. Types of the highest nervous activity (I.P. Pavlov), it classification and the characteristic. Temperament and character. A role of a genotype and education in shaping of HNA types.

PHYSIOLOGICAL BASES OF MENTAL FUNCTIONS

10. Concept of the highest mental functions of the human being (attention, perception, speech, etc.), it adaptive role. A social directedness of motivations, peculiarities of mental functions of the human being.

11. Perception, it characteristic and peculiarities for the human being. Recording of evoced potencials.

12. Attention. Physiological mechanisms of attention (I.P. Pavlov, A.A.Ukhtomsky). The EEG indicators of attention.

13. Memory, it types and mechanisms. Value of memory in shaping of integrated adaptive responses. * volume of a short-term memory.

14. Emotions, concept, classification, functional value. Structurally functional mechanisms of shaping of emotions. Autonomic and motor components of emotions. An emotional tension (an emotional stress) and it role in originating psychosomatic diseases of an organism.

15. The doctrine of I.P. Pavlov about the first and second signal systems. Peculiarities of the highest nervous human activity, the bound with the second signal system (conditioned reflexes, speech, etc.).

16. Speech, functions of speech. A biomechanics of shaping of speech. Central mechanisms of perception and procreation of speech. Functional asymmetry of a cortex of major hemispheres, the bound with development of speech for the human being. Suggestion, a self-suggestion, a psychotherapy.

17. Consciousness and a subconscious mind. Physiological bases of superconsciousness and intellection. Figurative and abstract - logic (verbal) intellection. Development of the abstract intellection of the human being.

PURPOSEFUL BEHAVIOUR

18. Behaviour of the human being as purposeful activity. A role of biological, social and theoretical requirements and motivations in shaping behaviour. Physiological bases of motivations

19. Architecture of the purposeful behavioural act from the point of view of the theory of functional systems of P.K.Anokhin.

20. Labour activity. The physiological approach to study physical and brainwork. Changes of nervous, autonomic, somatic and endocrine functions in an organism, the bound with physical work and sport.

21. Physical aging and it physiological bases. Types of exercise stresses. Effect on work capacity of the human being.

22. Peculiarities of brainwork. Nervous, autonomic and endocrine changes at brainwork. A role of emotions during cerebration.

23. Peculiarities of labour human activity in requirements of the modern effecting (a hypokinesia, monotony, a local load, increase of intensity). The physiological characteristic of a labour with a nervous - emotional and mental tension.

24. Physical and mental work capacity, factors, on it influential. Dynamics of work capacity within the working day, weeks.

25. Fatigue in an integrated organism (I.M.Setchenov). Mechanisms of fatigue. A role of an afferent impulsation, humoral factors, a functional state of a CNS in mechanisms of development of fatigue. Fatigue.

26. Regeneration and it types. Active rest and it mechanisms. A various recovery rate of systems of an organism during repose. Regeneration and superregeneration.

ADAPTATION OF ORGANISM TO VARIOUS ECOLOGICAL CONDITIONS

27. A total characteristic of adaptation. Types of adaptation, a phase and criterion of adaptation. Properties of adaptation. A psychoemotional stress.

28. Mechanisms of development of adaptation. Concept of a stress implementing and stresslimitative systems. A resistance, concept of a two-dimensional resistance and a sensibilization.

29. Protective behaviour of the human being, protective reflexes. A functional system of maintenance of a wholeness of an organism. Barriers of an organism (a skin, mucous, cellular membranes, histohematogenous and a blood-brain barrier).

30. Immunodefence, concept, it types. Central and peripheric organs of system of immunodefence. Mechanisms of shaping of cell-like and humoral immunodefence. Immunocompetent cells. A neurohumoral regulation of the immune answer. Immune regulating system.

31. Protective behaviour of the human being, protective reflexes. A functional system of maintenance of a wholeness of an organism. Barriers of an organism (a skin, mucous, cellular membranes, histohematogenous and a blood-brain barrier). A protective role of mucilage.

32. Biological rhythm: concept, the classification, guessed mechanisms, a role of adaptation of an organism.

FUNCTION OF reproduction

33. A reproduction system. A total characteristic. A prenatal period of shaping of a sexual differentiation (genetical, gonadal, hormonal a sex, a sexual differentiation of a hypothalamus). A reproduction system during the childhood and a pubertat

34. Anatomic-physiological peculiarities of a man's and female organism, the bound with a reproduction system (a period a puberty)

35. Sexual motivation and behaviour. A role hormonal, mental and social factors in shaping sexual motivation. The sexual act, phases and mechanisms. Peculiarities of phases of a sexual cycle for women.

36. Physiology of pregnancy. A functional system mother - placenta - fetus. The factors initiation labors. A bodily machinery of labors. A lactogenesis and a lactemia. The hormonal communication channel of mother and the child through milk. An extinction of genesial function.

Part IV. NORMAL PHYSIOLOGY PROFILE QUESTIONS.

1. Age periods of a postnatal ontogenesis of the human being. Concept of biological age.

2. Peculiarities of passing of physiological processes in a man's and female’s organism.

3. General regularities and theories of aging. Aging and an old age.

4. Rearrangement of functions of autonomic nervous system with the years.

5. Neurohumoral mechanisms of aging. Rearrangement of interaction of nervous and humoral mechanisms during aging.

6. Change of a hormonal regulation and sensitivity of tissues for hormonal actions at aging.

7. Age changes of cellular structures, excitabilities, conduction and contractility of muscles.

8. Degeneration and neogenesis of a nerve after a section.

9. Changes of calcium exchange in organism at aging. Osteoporosis.

10. Principles of blood-substituting solutions making.

11. Age changes of blood parameters. " Disbalance " of it in an old age, age changes of immunodefence.

12. Age changes of blood coagulating and anticoagulative systems.

13. Change of heart functions at aging.

14. Age changes of a nervous and humoral regulation of blood vessels tone, arterial and venous pressure.

15. Peculiarities of blood circulatory system adaptation to activity in various requirements at aging.

16. Peculiarities of coronary circulation. Change of coronary blood vessels tone in an old age.

17. Peculiarities of cerebral circulation regulation.

18. The mechanism of respiratory violations under the conditions of pheumothorax.

19. Physiological mechanisms of the diving (or caisson) disease originating.

20. Change of pulmonary volumes, maximal ventilation of lungs and reserve of respiration at aging.

21. Change of tissues Oxygenium delivery for elderly and aged people at an exercise stress and an air hunger. Respiratory regulation at aging.

22. Change of secretory and motor functions of alimentary system of organism at aging.

23. Change of appetite and saturation at aging.

24. Functions of a liver at aging.

25. Physiological bases of a dietetics.

26. Physiological bases of an artificial hypothermia.

27. Peculiarities of a thermoregulation for elderly and aged people.

28. Energy expenditures of an organism in senile age.

29. Retrogress of the basic renal functions at aging.

30. Peculiarities of urine current and excretion and it regulation for elderly and aged people.

31. Change of activity of sensory systems at aging. Visual and acoustical analyzers.

32. Physiological bases of anesthesia and narcosis. Endorphines, enkephalins, dinorphines and types of opiate receptors.

33. Peculiarities of structure of dream in elderly and senile age.

34. Age peculiarities of purposeful behaviour.

35. Changes of the highest nervous activity at aging. Peculiarities of attention, memory, emotions, intellections.

36. A role of an emotional stress in originating of cardiovascular and other psychosomatic diseases.

37. Age changes of a reproduction system.

38. Change of protective systems and immunodefence during aging.

39. Physiological bases of an arterial hypertension forming.

40. The human being in requirements of space flight (a zero gravity, it effect on an organism).

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