Vol 33 / No 10 / March 9, 2009

Задание 1. Переведите текст, выделяя ряды разного типа.

System identification has arisen in different areas of application where the system model is completely unspecified but one wants to predict the system response, to regulate the system, or to simulate the system. The only data available are a sequence of known input and a sequence of noise corrupted output. The intermediate objective is to specify a model which agrees with the statistical data. To perform system identification requires three steps: structure determination, parameter identification, and model verification. Before solving the parameter identification problem, one would address the problem of identifiability of parameters. With an assumed structure, is it ever possible to identify the unknown parameters by extracting information from deterministic input and stochastic output data? The capability of answering this question will facilitate the selection of an appropriate model structure. Clearly, one would not select a model structure whose parameters cannot be identified. Thus the question of parameters identifiability is central in the procedures for system identification.

Задание 2. Определите жанр текстов. Составьте список сокращений и переведите. Составьте глоссарий терминов к текстам. Переведите тексты.

а) Coal Outlook aw-Hill Companies

Vol 33 / No 10 / March 9, 2009

Prices for Pittsburgh Seam and coal out of the Upper Ohio River dropped this week on one big fundamental — no demand. Pitt Seam 13,000 Btu/lb 3 lb/SO2 has fallen below $60 a shortton. This time last year, it was fetching $80/st and Pitt Seam 13,000 Btu/lb 4 lb/SO2 now trading below $55/st, once commanded $73.50/st. Coal barged out of the Upper Ohio River 12,500 6+lb/SO2 is trading below $50/st, this time last year it was about $50.75/st. NAPP sources tell Platts that the lack of demand comes from both the commercial and industrial markets. “I’m just running around putting out fires,” one market participant told Platts. Secretary of Energy Steven Chu spoke last week about taking a direct international approach to developing gasification power plants. In testimony in the Senate, he promoted reciprocal agreements among countries for large-scale experimentation in coal gasification, post combustion carbon capture, and other clean coal technologies. With collaboration, the US and other nations could cut costs and develop technologies more quickly, he said. “We’re taking certainly a fresh look at FutureGen,” he said of the Illinois integrated gasification combined-cycle plant with CCS that President Barack Obama supported when he was in the Senate. But the plan shifted from a 250-MW single plant at Mattoon, Illinois, to multiple smaller projects on existing plants as DOE said the costs grew too high. But with the new program, “it would probably mean that FutureGen was going to do many things, and in effect, it doesn’t have to do all of them anymore,” he added. Other plants and other countries could take on individual projects to test new technologies. For the clean coal near-commercial demonstrations, Chu said several countries are already working on projects. “As soon as I began to look into this, I realized that Great Britain is about to embark on a carbon capture program, the EU has been talking about 10 to 12 [demo plants], China’s been talking. At two meetings in Washington last week, tribal leaders voiced their concerns about energy development on their lands and climate change. Meanwhile, the Desert Rock Power Project faced another setback as the Record of Decision for the transmission line was sent back for review. At the National Congress of American Indians, Secretary of Energy Steven Chu told leaders the Obama administration would work closely with tribes to build renewable energy projects and a modern electricity grid on tribal land (PCT 3/4).But while Chu was talking to the tribes about modernizing the grid, an appeals board at the Department of Interior was one day away from remanding the ROD on the Navajo Transmission Project at the request of several environmental groups (PCT 3/5). The NTP, a 500 kV, 470-mile power line extending from Farmington, New Mexico, to Las Vegas, would be used by the proposed 1,500-MW Desert Rock (continued on page 10).

б) Some of the world's largest coal reserves are located in South America, and an opencast at Cerrejón in Colombia is one of the world's largest open pit mines. The output of the mine in 2004 was 24.9 million tons (compared to total global hard coal production of 4,600 million tons). Cerrejón contributes about half of Colombia's coal exports of 52 million tons, with Colombia ranked sixth among major coal exporting nations.The company plans to expand production to 32 million tons by 2008. The company has its own 150km standard-gauge railroad, connecting the mine to its coal-loading terminal at Puerto Bolívar on the Caribbean coast. There are two 120-car unit trains, each carrying 12,000 tons of coal per trip. The round-trip time for each train, including loading and unloading, is about 12 hours. The coal facilities at the port are capable of loading 4,800 tons per hour on to vessels of up to 175,000 tons of dead weight. The mine, railroad and port operate 24 hours per day.Cerrejón directly employs 4,600 workers, with a further 3,800 employed by contractors.The reserves at Cerrejón are low-sulfur, low-ash, bituminous coal. The coal is mostly used for electric power generation, with some also used in steel manufacture. The surface mineable reserves for the current contract are 330 million tons. However, total proven reserves to a depth of 300 metres are 3,000 million tons.

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