Checks and balances

The U.S. Constitution establishes three branches for the federal gov­ernment: executive, legislative, and judicial. The three branches work to­gether to help the country. Each branch has its own responsibilities and powers. No branch has more power than the other branches. They have balanced powers. Each branch has separate duties to check the powers of the other branches.

When a new state — the USA — was born, the Founders of the state thought that if there was no balance of power among different branches of a government it would lead to tyranny. The problem was how to create a system of government with balanced powers. That's why James Madison (1751 — 1836) favoured the constitution that limited government by means of

a) separation of powers

b) a system of checks and balances, where checks - limitation of the duties of each branch, and balances - separate powers to each branch

Congress has the power to make laws, but the President may veto any act of Congress. Congress, in its turn, can pass a law over a veto by a two-thirds vote in each house. Congress can also refuse to provide funds requested by the President. The President can appoint important officials of his administration, but they must be approved by the Senate. The Presi­dent also has the power to name all federal judges: they, too must be ap­proved by the Senate.

The system of checks and balances makes compromise and consensus necessary. This system protects against extremes. It means, for example, that new presidents cannot radically change governmental policies just as they wish. In the US, therefore, when people think of "the government", they usually mean the whole system, that is, the Executive Branch and the President, Congress, and the courts.

In fact and in practice, therefore, the President (i.e. "the Administra­tion") is not as powerful as many people think he is. In comparison with other leaders in systems where the majority party forms "the government", he is even less powerful.

В. Выберите правильный ответ.

1. Why is the system of checks and balances necessary?

a) because it separates the executive, legislature and judicial branches of government

b) because it keeps any branch from using too much power or misusing it and makes each branch check on the others

c) because it limits the President's powers.

2. What is the role of compromise in the American system of running a
country?

a) it helps the Congress to pass a law

b) it protects against extreme in government policies

c) it helps the President to veto any act of Congress

Task 4. Read the text about one of the most numerous extreme right organizations of the USA, Ku-Klux-Klan that dates back from the Civil War. Say what methods are used by it to fight any liberal movement.

Дата добавления: 2015-07-20