Historical examples

- Europe’s refusal to aid Christian protectorates in the Middle East.

- Europe’s refusal to aid the Christian Byzantine Empire against the Jihadi invasions.

- The Venetians refusal to side with the Serbians against the Ottoman invasions (Svemirko's note).

- Napoleon invades Egypt in 1798 and takes control over Christian Malta and Christian Palestine. However, Britain fights France defending the Ottomans.

Napoleon withdraws, the Turks regain Egypt, and Britain is rewarded with Malta.

- The Ottomans lose more lands from their crumbling Empire. During the series of wars between 1806 and 1812, the Russians crush the Ottomans, who sign the Treaty of Bucharest. One day after the Treaty, Napoleon attacks Russia.

- In 1854 Britain and France along with the Ottomans go to war against Russia in the Crimean Peninsula. The allied forces defeat Russia and impose heavy conditions in the Treaty of Paris, signed in 1856.

- Bosnia revolts against the taxation in 1875 and Bulgaria follows in 1876 to become free from the Ottomans. The Turks ruthlessly massacre more than 12 000 men, women and children in Bulgaria, and thousands more all over the Balkans. The Treaty of Kucuk Kaynarca of 1774 gave Russia the right to interfere in Ottoman affairs to protect the Sultan’s Christian subjects. The British Government defends the Ottoman actions, and a furious Russia declares war.

The war of 1877-78 takes place in the Balkans and on the Caucasus fronts. The Russians along with other volunteer ethnic armies deal the Ottomans a crushing defeat.

- In March of 1878 and under pressure from Britain, Russia enters into a settlement under the Treaty of San Stefano, in which the Ottoman Empire recognises the independence of Romania, Serbia, Montenegro, and autonomy of Bulgaria.

- For commercial and political interests in mind, Britain’s Disraeli and the Austrians insist that a new treaty be drawn up in June of that year, at a congress of powers in Berlin.

At the Congress of Berlin, Romania, Serbia and Montenegro were recognised as independent. And autonomous Bulgaria was greatly reduced and the Austro-Hungarian Empire occupies Bosnia-Herzegovina. An Armenian delegation headed by Bishop Mkrtich Khrimian is sent with a formal request for implementation of the reforms for Armenians. Germany’s Bismarck dismisses the delegation and refuses them a place on the agenda.

Britain secretly agrees with the Ottoman Empire that it would militarily protect it from Russia and receives Cyprus in exchange.

Disraeli reverses article 16 to 61, which returns two Armenian provinces with no Russians or Europeans to protect the Armenians. It leaves the same abusing Sultan as the “guarantor” of their security from Muslim continuing abuses.

- After the Russo-Turkish War, the treatment of the more than 2,5 million Armenians by the Ottoman Government became an international issue. Despite the promises of reform by the Sublime Porte at the Congress of Berlin, the situation even grew worse.

- 1945-> After the war the Soviet Union attempts to annul the Treaty of Kars with Turkey and return parts of Northwestern Armenia. These efforts are halted by intervention from Winston Churchill and Harry S. Truman.

- The close relationship with the United States begins with the Second Cairo Conference in December 4-6, 1943 and the agreement of July 12, 1947 which implements the Truman Doctrine. After 1945, in light of the Soviet domination over Eastern Europe, the US supports Greece and Turkey with economic and military aid to prevent their falling into the Soviet sphere. The act grant Turkey more than 100 million USD in aid.

- On June 25, 1950 the Korean War starts. Despite being criticised inside Turkey, the Army along with other 16 nations goes to war against North Korea. Turkey participates in this campaign in order to gain membership in NATO, which Turkey joins in 1952.

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