The Fugitives And New Criticism

1914 - 1945

Modernism

The large cultural wave of Modernism, which gradually emerged in Europe and the United States in the early years of the 20th century, expressed a sense of modern life through art as a sharp break from the past, as well as from Western civilization's classical tradi­tions. Modern life seemed radically different from traditional life — more scientific, faster, more technological, and more mechanized. Modernism embraced these changes.

Gertrude Stein (1874-1946) Tender Buttons (1914)

Vision and viewpoint became an essential aspect of the modernist novel as well. No longer was it sufficient to write a straight­forward third-person narrative or (worse yet) use a pointlessly intrusive narrator. The way the story was told became as important as the story itself.

William Faulkner The Sound and the Fury (1929)

Poetry: Experiments In Form

Ezra Pound (1885-1972) The Cantos

T.S. Eliot (1888-1965) The Sacred Wood, The Waste Land (1922), Gerontion (1920), The Hollow Men (1925), Ash-Wednesday (1930), Four Quartets (1943),

Robert Frost (1874-1963)

Wallace Stevens (1879-1955) Collections Harmonium (en­larged edition 1931), Ideas of Order (1935), and Parts of a World (1942). Best known poems: Sunday Morning, Peter Quince at the Clavier, The Emperor of Ice-Cream, Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Blackbird, The Idea of Order at Key West.

William Carlos Williams (1883-1963 ) Paterson (five vols., 1946-1958) "Dr. Paterson."

Poetry: Between The Wars

Robinson Jeffers (1887-1962)

Edward Estlin Cummings (1894-1962)

Hart Crane (1899-1932) The Bridge (1930), Voyages(1923,1926, At Melville's Tomb (1926)

Marianne Moore (1887-1972)

Langston Hughes (1902-1967 ) "The Negro Speaks of Rivers" (1921, 1925),

American Realism Of 1914-1945

Although American prose between the wars experimented with viewpoint and form, Americans wrote more realistically, on the whole, than did Europeans.

F. Scott Fitzgerald (1896-1940) This Side of Paradise (1920), The Beautiful and the Damned (1922), The Great Gatsby (1925), Tender Is the Night (1934), collections Flappers and Philosophers (1920), Tales of the Jazz Age (1922), All the Sad Young Men (1926).

Ernest Hemingway (1899-1961) The Sun Also Rises (1926), The Old Man and the Sea (1952), For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940), A Farewell to Arms (1929); short stories "The Snows of Kilimanjaro" and "The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber."

William Faulkner (1897-1962) The Sound and the Fury (1929), As I Lay Dying (1930), Absalom, Absalom! (1936), The Hamlet (1940), The Town (1957), and The Mansion (1959).

Novels Of Social Awareness

Sinclair Lewis (1885-1951) Main Street (1920), Arrowsmith (1925), Babbitt (1922), Elmer Gantry (1927), Cass Timberlane (1945)

John Dos Passos (1896-1970) U.S.A(The 42nd Parallel (1930), 1919 (1932), and The Big Money (1936)).

John Steinbeck (1902-1968) The Grapes of Wrath (1939), Tortilla Flat (1935), Of Mice and Men (1937), Cannery Row (1945), East of Eden (1952).

The Harlem Renaissance

James Weldon Johnson

Claude McKay

Countee Culler

Langston Hughes

Countee Cullen (1903-1946)

Jean Toomer (1894-1967) Cane (1923),

Richard Wright (1908-1960) Black Boy (1945) Uncle Tom's Children (1938 Native Son (1940),

Zora Neale Hurston (1903-1960) Males and Men (1935), Tell My Horse (1938), Their Eyes Were Watching God (1937), Dust Tracks on a Road (1942).

The Fugitives And New Criticism

The most significant 20th-century regional literary movement was that of the Fugitives (John Crowe Ransom, Allen Tate, Robert Penn Warren). This southern literary school rejected "northern" urban, commercial values. New Criticism was an approach to under­standing literature through close readings and attentiveness to for­mal patterns (of imagery, meta­phors, metrics, sounds, and sym­bols) and their suggested mean­ings.

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