II. Use. Formal markers, lexical environment, context.

I. Modality. Moods

1. What is modality? – The term modality refers to a speaker’s attitude towards a state of the world. Modality shows whether something is real or true, or whether it is the subject of speculation rather than definite knowledge. + express politeness.

2. What is mood? – Mood is the form of the verb which shows in what relation to reality the speaker places the action expressed by the predicate verb.

3. How many and what moods are there in English? – The Indicative Mood (presents actions as real facts in the present, past or future, IM forms distinguish the categories of tense, aspect, correltion, voice, number and person), the Imperative Mood, the Oblique Moods.

4. Name the Oblique moods. – Subjunctive I, Subjunctive II, the Conditional Mood, the Suppositional Mood.

5. How are the Oblique moods formed? Which of them are homonymous with tense forms?

SI is a synthetical form, has only one form which is homonymous with the plain verb stem – be, do, have, go. The negative form of SI is no be, not do, not have, not go.

SII – 2 basic forms: non-perfect SII is synthetical and is homonymous with the Past Indicative: did, went, spoke. The verb to be – were (was is possible with I/he/she/it in conversational English). Perfect SII is homonymous with Past Perfect Indicative for all verbs: had been, had done, had gone, etc.

The Conditional Mood is an analytical form built up by means of the auxiliary verb should for the 1^st person or would for the other persons and the infinitive. In modern English for the 1^st person should and would are both possible with no difference in meaning. 2 forms: the non-perfect CM employs the indefinite or continuous infinitive (should do, should be doing), the perfect CM is formed with the help of the perfect or perfect continuous infinitive (should have done, would have been doing).

The Suppositional Mood is an analytical form built with the help of the auxiliary verb should for all persons plus the infinitive. Can be non-perfect - should be/do and perfect – should have been/done.

6. Which of them are homonymous within Oblique Moods?

The non-perfect Suppositional Mood and the non-perfect Conditional Mood with should; the perfect Suppositional Mood and the perfect Conditional Mood with should; SII of the verb will and non-perfect CM with would.

7. How do we differentiate them? – they are differentiated by their use and meaning.

II. Use. Formal markers, lexical environment, context.

SI/the SM	the SM	SII	the CM
so that/lest whatever though/although It is recommended	And what if It’s odd that It’s natural that	If only Oh, that as if/as though if/whether even if/even though it’s time would rather the verb to wish	but for in your place

1. It’s time you (hear) heard something about your behaviour.

2. It looked as if she (know) had known exactly what they were going to do.

3. It is natural that you (want) should want to make your own decisions.

4. I wish you (not treat) didn’t treat me as if I (be) were a child.

5. David came home earlier so that his mother (not worry) should not worry about him.

6. I wonder if it (be) were possible to skip classes and still pass all the exams.

7. We (survive) would not have survived, but for Captain Lewis.

8. Oh, that this semester (be) were over at last!

9. And what if the summer should never (come) come?

10. Whatever the reason (be) be, the fact remains.

11. It is recommended that all the homework (be) should be done/be done on time.

12. I’d rather he (be) were here with us now.

13. I (buy) wouldn’t buy this book in your place. (the CM, implied condition, if I were in your place).

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