Psychoacoustics 177

Introduction 1

A Brief History 2

Monitoring 23

Introduction 24

How Monitoring Affects the Mix 25

Full-Range Monitoring 25

Spatial Balance 26 Room Acoustics for Multichannel Sound 28

Choice of Monitor Loudspeakers 33

One Standardized Setup 36

Left and Right 36

Surround 37

Subwoofer 38 Setting Up the Loudspeaker Locations with

Two Pieces of String 38

Setup Compromises 40

Center 40

Left and Right 42

Surround 44

Subwoofer 44

Setup Variations 46

Use of Surround Arrays 46

Surround Loudspeaker Directivity 48

Square Array 49

Close-Field Monitoring 50

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Time Adjustment of the Loudspeaker Feeds 52

Low-Frequency Enhancement—The 0.1 Channel 53

Film Roots 53

Headroom on the Medium 54

Digital Film Sound Enters the Picture 56

Bass Management or Redirection 56

DigitalTelevision Comes Along 57

Home Reproduction 59

0.1 for Music? 59

The Bottom Line 63

Calibrating the Monitor System: Frequency Response 64

A Choice of Standardized Response 65

Calibrating the Monitor System: Level 67

Multichannel Microphone Technique 71

Introduction 72

Pan Pot Stereo 76

Spaced Omnis 78

Coincident and Near-Coincident Techniques 80

Crossed Figure-8 80

M-S Stereo 82

X-Y Stereo 83

Near-CoincidentTechnique 83

Binaural 85

Spot Miking 86

Multichannel Perspective 87

Use of the StandardTechniques in Multichannel 88

SurroundTechnique 91 Surround MicrophoneTechnique for the

Direct/Ambient Approach 91 Surround MicrophoneTechnique for the

Direct Sound Approach 93 Special Microphones Arrays for 5.1-Channel Recordings 93

Combinations of Methods 97

Some Surround Microphone Setups 100

Simultaneous 2- and 5-Channel Recording 100

Upmixing Stereo to Surround 103

Dynamic Range: Pads and Calculations 103

Virtual Microphones 105

Multichannel Mixing and Studio Operations 107

Introduction 108

Mechanics 110

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Panners 110 Work Arounds for Panning with 2-Channel

Oriented Equipment 112

Panning Law 113

The Art of Panning 115

Non-Standard Panning 117

Panning in Live Presentations 117

A Major Panning Error 118

Increasing the "Size" of a Source 119

Equalizing Multichannel 120

Routing Multichannel in the Console and Studio 121

Track Layout of Masters 122

Double-System Audio with Accompanying Video 123

Reference Level for Multichannel Program 123 Fitting Multichannel Audio onto Digital Video Recorders 124

Multichannel Monitoring Electronics 125

Multichannel Outboard Gear 125

Inter-track Synchronization 127 Requirements for Equipment and Monitor Systems 129

Program Monitoring 131

Postproduction Formats 132

Track Layout 133

Postproduction Delivery Formats 134

Surround Mixing Experience 135

One Case Study: Herbie Hancock's "Butterfly" in 10.2 137

Surround Mixing for DVD Music Videos 139

George Massenburg 140 Multi-Grammy Winner, Music Producer & Engineer, and

Equipment and Studio Design Engineer 140

Delivery Formats 141

Introduction 143

New Terminology 144

Audio Coding 145

Cascading Coders 148

Sample Rate and Word Length 149

Metadata 151

Multiple Streams 152

Three Level-Setting Mechanisms 154

Dialnorm 154

Dynamic Range Compression 158

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Night Listening 159

Mixlevel 159

Audio Production Information Exists 160

Room Type 160

Dolby Surround Mode Switch 161

Downmix Options 161

Level Adjustment of Film Mixes 162

Lip-Sync and Other Sync Problems 163

Reel Edits or Joins 164

Media Specifics 164

Digital Versatile Disc 165

Audio on DVD-Video 167

HD DVD and Blu-Ray Discs 169

DigitalTerrestrial and Satellite Broadcast 169

Downloadable Internet Connections 171

Video Games 171

Digital Cinema 172

Psychoacoustics 177

Introduction 178

Principal Localization Mechanisms 178

The Minimum Audible Angle 180 Bass Management and Low-Frequency Enhancement

Pyschoacoustics 180 Effects of the Localization Mechanisms on

5.1-Channel Sound 182

The Law of the First Wavefront 184

Phantom Image Stereo 184

Phantom Imaging in Quad 185 Localization, Spaciousness, and Envelopment 187

Lessons from Concert Hall Acoustics 188

Rendering 5 Channels Over 2: Mixdown 188

Auralization and Auditory Virtual Reality 190

Beyond 5.1 191

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