Cholecystitis

OBESITY

Overweight, particularly in individuals past middle life, is a burden which many persons carry about quite without necessity. In many instances, this heavy burden will result in a definite shortening of the normal life span; they are more likely to succumb to premature death from coronary thrombosis, from diabetes, or from infections, such as pneumonia or cholecystitis, as well as many other diseases, than persons in the same age group whose weight is average or below average. Furthermore, the obese individual suffers from unnecessary fatigue, from heat intolerance, and from arthritis, as well as from other serious discomforts, much more commonly than do persons of normal weight. Thus, the prevention of obesity and the retention of normal weight is a matter of importance in the field of preventive medicine.

The important factor in production of overweight is a daily caloric intake which exceeds the energy requirement of the body — in brief; the fat person eats too much rich food.

A positive energy balance may be due to a variety of causes: one of the important factors is dietary habits. Some people tend to eat excessive amounts of starchy or fatty foods. The overweight of persons past middle life is almost always the result of the decreased energy output of the individual, as the years advance, with no compensative diminution in diet intake. People over 50 eat as much as they did at 20, although their activities are greatly curtailed. Probably the most common cause of overweight is the fact that individuals overeat because they enjoy food, and do not realize that there is any risk in overindulgence.

Prevention of overweight centers is teaching each individual that overweight, particularly with increasing age, is an unnecessary hazard to a normal life. The person must be convinced that the "normal" gain of weight with increasing age is injurious, in a direct ratio to the degree of increase of weight to increasing age.

The other essential educational feature that must be emphasized is that weight reduction can best be secured by maintaining a slow and gradually progressive negative energy balance. In other words, the daily consumption of food should be slightly less than the energy demands of the body. Thus, the body will burn the excess fat in place of food.

POST-TEXT ASSIGNMENTS:

Exercise 9. Answer the following questions.

1. At what age may overweight frequently occur?

2. What diseases does obesity usually result in?

3. What serious conditions does an obese individual suffer from?

4. What is a matter of importance in the field of preventive medicine?

5. Why is a daily caloric intake important factor in production of overweight?

6. What causes may a positive energy balance be due to?

7. What is the most common cause of overweight?

8. Why do the persons over 50 more frequently suffer from this heavy burden?

9. What do the prevention of overweigh centers teach obese individuals?

10. By what can weight reduction best be secured?

Exercise 10. Join the parts of the sentence in the column A with the correct ones in the column B.

1. Overweight will result in …   2. The obese individuals are more likely to succumb to premature death from … 3. Furthermore, they suffer from …     4. The prevention of obesity and the retention of normal weight is … 5. A daily caloric intake exceeds the … 6. A positive energy balance may be due to … 7. The overweight of persons past middle life is almost always the result of … 8. The person must be convinced that…     9. The daily consumption of food should be … 10. The body will …

1. …the "normal" gain of weight with increasing age is injurious. 2. …the energy requirement of the body.   3. …unnecessary fatigue, heat intolerance, and arthritis, as well as other serious discomforts. 4. …a matter of importance in the field of preventive medicine. 5. …burn the excess fat in place of food. 6. …slightly less than the energy demands of the body. 7. …a definite shortening of the normal life span.   8. …coronary thrombosis, diabetes, or infections, such as pneumonia or cholecystitis, as well as many other diseases. 9…. dietary habits.   10. …the decreased energy output of the individual.

Exercise 11. Put questions to the underlined members of sentences.

1. In many instances, overweight will result in a definite shortening of the normal life span.

2. The obese individual suffers from unnecessary fatigue, from heat intolerance, and from arthritis, as well as from other serious discomforts.

3. The prevention of obesity and the retention of normal weight is a matter of importance in the field of preventive medicine.

4. The important factor in production of overweight is a daily caloric intake which exceeds the energy requirement of the body.

5. A positive energy balance may be due to a variety of causes.

6. The overweight of persons past middle life is almost always the result of the decreased energy output of the individual.

7. Probably the most common cause of overweight is the fact that individuals overeat because they enjoy food, and do not realize that there is any risk in overindulgence.

8. The body will burn the excess fat in place of food.

Exercise 12. Use the verbs in brackets in the appropriate tense. Translate them into Russian.

1. Overweight, particularly in individuals past middle life, is a burden which a person (to carry) about quite without necessity.

2. Positive energy balances (to be due to) a variety of causes.

3. Obese individuals are more likely (to succumb) to premature death from coronary thrombosis, from diabetes, or from infections, such as pneumonia or cholecystitis.

4. The obese individuals (to suffer) from unnecessary fatigue, from heat intolerance, and from arthritis.

5. It’s known that a daily caloric intake (to exceed) the energy requirement of the body.

6. They knew, that some people (to tend) to eat excessive amounts of starchy or fatty foods.

7. People over 50 eat as much as they did at 20, although their activity (to be greatly curtailed).

8. Preventions of overweight centers (to teach) each individual that overweight, particularly with increasing age, is an unnecessary hazard to a normal life.

Exercise 13. Match Russian word combinations in column A with English ones in the column B.

A B

надлишкова вага caloric food

тяжкий тягар (ноща) excessive amount

тривалість життя premature death

передчасна смерть overweight

нетерпимість тепла heavy burden

профілактика ожиріння dietary habits

калорійна їжа life span

дієтичні звички prevention of obesity

надмірна кількість heat intolerance

Exercise 14. Translate into English:

1. Відомо, що тучність зустрічається у людей після 40 років.

2. Напевне, що ожиріння зможе вплинути, в большій ступені, на скорочення тривалості життя.

3. Виявилось, що причиною раптової смерті цього гладкого пацієнта був коронарний тромбоз.

4. Навряд чи, людина з нормальною вагою, буде страждати від ожиріння.

5. Стверджують, що підтримка нормальної ваги та профілактика ожиріння є головним завданням превентивной медицини.

6. Безсумнівно, що у людини, котра споживає велику кількість жирной їжі, порушиться енергетичний баланс.

7. Вважають, что люди переїдають, тому, що вони насолоджуються їжею, при цьому, вони не усвідомлюють, що це може призвести до зловживання.

8. Певно, що цьому гладкому пацієту назначать низькокалорійну дієту, котра не буде вміщувати великої кількості жиру і крохмалю.

9. Навряд чи, організм зможе спалити таку велику кількість жиру самостійно.

10. Відомо що, для того, щоб дієта була сбалансованою людям, схильним до ожиріння, не рекомендують вживати висококалорійну їжу кожного дня.

Exercise 15. Explain the following diseases in English:

Diabetes

Pneumonia

Cholecystitis

Obesity

Exercise 16. Be ready to speak on the following items:

The main causes of obesity.

The cardinal symptoms of obesity.

Preventive measures of obesity.

TEST

1. Overweight, particularly …individuals past middle life, is a burden which many persons carry about quite without necessity.

a. at

b. on

c. from

d. by

e. in

2. In many instances, this heavy burden will result in a definite shortening of the normal life span; they … to premature death from coronary thrombosis, from diabetes, or from infections, such as pneumonia or cholecystitis, as well as many other diseases, than persons in the same age group whose weight is average or below average.

a. are more likely to succumb

b. are more likely to be succumb

c. are more likely to be being succumb

d. is more likely to succumb

e. am more likely to succumb

3. …, the obese individual suffers from unnecessary fatigue, from heat intolerance, and from arthritis, as well as from other serious discomforts, much more commonly than do persons of normal weight.

a. Further

b. Furthermost

c. Furtherance

d. Furthermore

e. Furthest

4. Thus, the prevention of obesity and the retention of normal weight is a matter of importance in the field of….

a. prenatal medicine

b. preventive medicine

c. physical medicine

d. postclinical medicine

e. preserving medicine

5. The important factor in production of overweight is a daily caloric intake which exceeds the energy requirement of the body — in brief; the fat person eats … rich food.

a. too many

b. too little

c. too small

d. too big

e. too much

6. A positive energy balance … a variety of causes: one of the important factors is dietary habits.

a. might be due to

b. may be due to

c. may due to

d. may to be due to

e. may be due

7. People … eat as much as they did at 20, although their activities are greatly curtailed. Probably the most common cause of overweight is the fact that individuals overeat because they enjoy food, and do not realize that there is any risk in overindulgence.

a. over 20

b. over 30

c. over 40

d. over 50

e. over 60

8. Prevention of overweight centers … each individual that overweight, particularly with increasing age, is an unnecessary hazard to a normal life.

a. teaching

b. is teaching

c. be teaching

d. to be teaching

e. is being teaching

9. The person must be convinced that the … with increasing age is injurious, in a direct ratio to the degree of increase of weight to increasing age.

a. "increased" gain of weight

b. "permanent" gain of weight

c. "normal" gain of weight

d. "gradual" gain of weight

e. "decreased" gain of weight

10. The other essential educational feature that must be emphasized is that weight reduction … by maintaining a slow and gradually progressive negative energy balance.

a. can best be secured

b. could best be secured

c. can best is secured

d. can worst be secured

e. can best to be secured

Childhood obesity (text 2)

Exercise 1. Topic vocabulary:

1. acceptable 2. adolescent 3. adulthood 4. percentile 5. overweight 6. threatening 7. puberty 8. reflect 9. approve 10. manage 11. alter 12. lifestyle 13. intervention 14. behaviour 15. techniques 16. success 17. bulimia

[ək 'septəbl] [ædə ' lesənt] [ə 'dʌlthud] [pə 'sentail] [əuvə 'weit] [laif 'θretəniŋ] [pju:bəti] [ri 'flekt] [ə 'pru:v] [mænidʒ] [ɔ:ltə] [lafstail] [intə 'venʃn] [bi 'heiviə] [tek 'ni:k] [sək 'ses] [bju: ' limiə]

прийнятний підліток період статевого дозрівання процентиль надлишкова вага що загрожує статеве дозрівання відображати схвалювати надавати допомогу змінювати(ся) образ, стиль життя втручання поведінка техніка успіх; удача булімія

Exercise 2. Give Russian equivalents to the following English ones:

Obesity in children; obese children; the diagnosis of obesity; for determining obesity; the diagnosis of obesity; excess body fat; child's health or wellbeing; to determine directly; life-threatening conditions; sleep problems; early puberty; anorexia and bulimia; mortality rates; the family's environment and genetics; during adolescence and adulthood; approved for the treatment; approved medication; in managing moderate obesity; approved for adolescents; the absorption of fat; lifestyle interventions; behavioral techniques; to increase activity in children; to have little success.

Exercise 3. Choose the proper definitions for the terms:

1. puberty 2. adolescence 3. diabetes 4. cancer 5. bulimia 6. tonsillectomy 7. adenoidectomy 8. hyperlipidaemia

a)a disorder characterized by compulsive overeating followed by vomiting: sometimes associated with anxiety about gaining weight; b)the period in human development that occurs between the beginning of puberty and adulthood; c)surgical removal of the palatine tonsils; d)an abnormally high level of lipids, esp cholesterol, in the blood, predisposing to atherosclerosis and other arterial diseases; e)weighing more than is usual, allowed, or healthy; f)the period at the beginning of adolescence when the sex glands become functional and the secondary sexual characteristics emerge; g)surgical removal of the palatine tonsils; h)any type of malignant growth or tumour, caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division: it may spread through the lymphatic system or blood stream to other parts of the body.

Дата добавления: 2015-10-30