Muslim terrorists

Elements in Neorealist conception of security

Key concepts in the Neorealist Paradigm

Balance of power

Some problems with Balance of Power thinking

Deterrence vs Appeasement

Deterrence effectiveness depends on

The security dilemma

2. Feminist approach to study International Security

The Masculinity of Security/Realism

Gender in War and Peace

Liberal Feminism

Difference Feminism versus Liberal Feminism?

3. Jervis’ 14 hypothesis on misperception

4. Democratic peace theory

5. Three criteria defining mercenary.

6. Why certain states supports terrorists?

7.”Old terrorism” operational mode, nature, origins, source goals.

Operational mode:

Nature of terrorism

Origins

Sources

Goals

8. Radicalization from French sociology

9. Advantages and disadvantages of war model on terrorism

10. Main terrorist groups (before 2001), counter measures (before 2001)

SPAIN

Terrorist groups

- ETA

While Spaish’goverment was struggling aganist terrorism they used lots of strategies and methods.The following legislation directly affecting the fight against terrorism has been approved:

ò The Party of Public (1996-2004) was in the fight aganist to ETA It cared about the law regulations during its power.Besides taking attention policy was actions to over the political extension of terrorist organization.Another PP’s action was development the international cooperation which had been started by PSOE.

ò Even if the EU definition of terrorism is more detailed than the Spanish one, since the former establishes a catalogue of terrorist acts, the Spanish law meets the criteria established by the European Framework Decision on Combating Terrorism in June 2002 regarding the definition of this offence.

ò Spanish Organic Law 6/2002 on Political Parties.Which permits the banning of political parties that undermine individual freedoms and the foundations of Spanish democracy.

ò Act. 12/2003 on the prevention and freezing of terrorist financing. The law allows the government to freeze any financial flow or account in prevention of terrorist activity.

ò Preventive detention. The Spanish Code of Criminal Procedure contains particular material provisions that may be applied when prosecuting and trying terrorist offences.

ò Act 25/2007, of 18 October, on the retention of data of electronic communications and public communications networks.

Which key institutional and/or operational counterterrorism measures have been adopted since 2001? Do they differ significantly from the pre-9/11 measures? Why?

Before September 11

ò Before global terrorism was recognized as one of the main agenda which pose threat to the domestic security of the states, Spanish government already during 30 years was involved in the fight against domestic terrorism. Therefore in contrast to other European states, Spain already had public institutions to monitor and investigate domestic terrorism.

ò The Ministry of the Interior is the leading institution in homeland security affairs which includes fight against terrorism, protection of public order and security.

ò There are two principal security agencies committed to fighting terrorism in Spain, which operate under the authority of Spain’s Ministry of the Interior:

1. The Cuerpo Nacional de Policia (National Police) - Conduct investigations nationwide and maintain security in urban areas
2. The Guardia Civil - Patrols rural areas, borders, and highways. Responsible to ensure security at airports, ports and explosives control.

ò Until September 11 attacks, their principal priority was the fight against ETA, while the terrorism of radical Islamist groups a second concern.

ITALY

Groups

• Ordine Nero, Lotta di Popolo, Fronte Nazionale Brigata rosa etc.

Countert. Measures before 2001:

- Legislation of emergency

- Italian Court of criminal procedure

- Law on collaborators of Justice

- Strengthening of security on Italian territory against terrorism

- Establishment of committee of Financial Security

- Criminal code against assistance of terrorism

GERMANY

domestic groups

· 1960s - Red Army Faction (RAF)

· 1970s - PDFLP

o Black September

· 1980s - ASALA

o Libyan Agents

· 2005 – Individuals – Islamic extremists

· The Islamic Jihad Union

· Al-Qa`ida Centra

· Lone Wolves

· Islamic State

· Hamburg cell

Measures

• Pre-9/11 measures resolve around; control over transnational crime, money laundering, and illegal immigration

• Measures not adressing new features of Islamic terrorism (Al Qaeda)

• Vienna Convention of 1988

• UN Convention of transnational organized crime control from 2000

United Kingdom

Irish terrorists

· Irish National Liberation Army

· Irish People's Liberation Organisation

· Irish Republican Army

Muslim terrorists

· Hezbollah

· Hamas

· ETA

Measures

· Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC)

· The Security Service

· The Security Service's National Security Advice Centre (NSAC)

· The Joint Terrorism Analysis Centre (JTAC)

· The Secret Intelligence Service (SIS)

· The Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ)

· Pre-charge detention

· Removing possible suspects/objects

· Financing terrorism

FRANCE

Terrorist groups

· Radical left – Action Directe

· Regional separatist groups – Basque Country, Brittany and Corsica

· International groups – PLO, GIA, FIFA, Al-Queda, ISIL

Pre 9/11 Legislation

· France reacted to each terrorist wave with new laws

· Pre 9/11

o 1986 – Law on the fight against terrorism

§ specified terrorist acts, special procedural rules

o 1996 – Law on the Suppression of terrorism

§ Reforming criminal procedures

Pre 9/11 Measures

· Specialist intelligence and police units

o Intelligence

§ Directorate General of External Security

§ General Directorate of Internal Security

§ Cyber security – the Online Security

o Police

§ National Gendarmerie Action Group

§ Research, Assistance, Intervention and Deterrence)

· Vigipirate

Дата добавления: 2015-10-23