Vocabulary
1. advantageous (A) – благоприятный, выгодный
2. agriculture (N) – сельское хозяйство
3. bank (N) – берег (реки)
4. commuter (N) – житель пригорода, работающий в городе
5. craft (N) – ремесло; craftsmanship (N) – ремесленничество
6. cuisine (N) – кухня (национальная и т.п.)
7. embankment (N) – набережная
8. embodiment (N) – воплощение
9. entertainment (N) – развлечение
10. erect (V) – возводить
11. eternal (A) – вечный; eternize (V) – увековечить
12. exile (N) – ссылка
13. flow into (V) – впадать в
14. freight and passenger traffic – грузовые и пассажирские перевозки
15. instructive (A) – поучительный
16. invasion (N) – вторжение, набег
17. landscape (N) – ландшафт
18. leather manufacturing – кожевенное дело
19. mall (N) – (амер.) торгово-развлекательный центр
20. masterpiece (N) – шедевр
21. merchant (N) – купец
22. Museum of Local Lore – краеведческий музей
23. mutual (A) – взаимный
24. nomad (N) – кочевник
25. oil-and-gas-bearing (A) – нефтегазодобывающий
26. picturesque (А) – живописный
27. pipeline (N) – трубопровод
28. ravine (N) – овраг
29. refinery (N) – нефтеперерабатывающий завод
30. rush hour – час пик
31. settle (V) – поселяться; settlement (N) – поселение
32. temperate (A) – умеренный
33. trade route – торговый путь
34. traffic jam – затор, «пробка»
35. wood engraving – резьба по дереву
3.1 Pre-text discussion:
1 Do you know how old Tyumen is? When was it founded?
2 Is it your home town? How long have you been living here?
3 What place in Tyumen do you like more? Why?
3.2 Skim Letter 3 through and match the information below with the years.
1) Tyumen was founded in a) 1858.
2) The Tyumen Region was formed in b) 1960-1970.
3) Tyumen became the centre of the oil
and gas industry of Western Siberia in c) 1586.
4) Tyumen has had its own Drama Theatre since d) 1944.
Letter 3. My Home Town
Hi, Susy,
This time I want to tell you about Tyumen, my home town, which is situated in Western Siberia. It’s rather far from Moscow, Russia’s capital, over 2,000 km to the east. Tyumen, the first Russian town in Siberia, was founded on July 29, in 1586. It is situated on the banks of the Tura River at the former place of the Tartar settlement Tchingy-Tura. The place on the high bank of the Tura River where the Tyumenka flows into it was chosen by voivodes Vasily Sukin and Ivan Myasnoy. It was a good idea to locate a fortified town where the landscape itself with rivers and deep ravines helped to protect Russian and Tartar settlers against nomad invasions. As the time went on, Tyumen became an essential point on the trade route to Central Asia, Persia and China, the centre of leather manufacturing, craftsmanship and agriculture. Since 1944 when the Tyumen Region was formed, the city has been the administrative centre of the largest region in Russia. Large tracts of pine forest surround Tyumen. The countryside, with its large lakes and hot springs, attract tourists.
It’s interesting to know that for many years Tyumen was called the “capital of villages”. It was the place of exile till the middle of the 20th century. The industrial development of Tyumen began with the construction of the Trans-Siberian railway that connected the town with European Russia.
Well, nowadays Tyumen is considered to be oil and gas capital, though neither oil, nor gas is produced here. In 1960-1970s due to its advantageous location at the crossing of the motor, rail, water, and air ways and its temperate climate, Tyumen became the centre of the oil and gas industry of Western Siberia. There are numerous research Institutes, oil and gas pipelines and refineries. Tyumen is one of the financial, cultural, and educational centres of the Urals and Western Siberia. Most of freight and passenger traffic passes through it. I’ve probably told you Tyumen is a town of students. There are several universities, academies and dozens of colleges.
The four-century history of Tyumen is interesting and instructive; it reflects the fate of Russia. Siberian architecture was strict and simple. About 70 buildings are registered as historical monuments; many of them are decorated with unique wood engraving. The first stone building in Tyumen was Troitsky (Trinity) Monastery erected by the decree of Peter the Great. Znamensky Cathedral is the embodiment of Siberian Baroque style. It is still one of the most beautiful and famous churches in Russia. At the end of the 19th century the axis of the town was built up with two-storied brick houses. Many of them still exist in central streets and give us the idea of a typical merchants’ town.
The citizens of Tyumen are proud of their town and its history. The best way to see the town is to start with Istoricheskaya (Historical) Square where the Museum of Local Lore is situated. This museum has a rich collection of minerals, flora and fauna of the Tyumen Region. There is a war memorial with the Eternal Flame nearby. The Masharov Mansion Museum is located not far from this place.
There are many beautiful modern and reconstructed sites in Tyumen: Lovers’ Footbridge, Tsvetnoy Boulevard, the Embankment, etc. The names of many places in Tyumen eternize the memory of merchant Andrey Tekutyev who built a hospital, a theatre, a library, a church and many other things for the town.
I’m sure you’d like to know about our places of interest. Tyumen has a lot of entertainment facilities for people of all ages. There are many cinemas and clubs. Tyumen has had its own Drama Theatre since 1858. There is also the Puppet Theatre and the Angazhement Theatre. The Concert Hall named after Yury Gulyayev is visited by Russian and world-famous music stars. The Tyumen Circus is very popular among children and their parents. Tyumen has a unique collection of masterpieces in its Picture Gallery. Many permanent exhibitions of Siberian national arts and skills attract tourists’ attention nowadays.
Tyumen offers a great variety of cuisine in its numerous restaurants and bars. There are some annual events taking place in the town such as the Student Spring Music Show and the City Festival.
There’s one more point worth mentioning. The permanent multinational population of Tyumen is over 600,000. They work and live with mutual respect to their historical and national traditions.
Tyumen is a city of banks, malls and supermarkets, a city of crowded streets with traffic jams, a city of beautiful flowers in summer and enchanting illumination in winter. The whole city is under construction: old buildings are being restored and many new ones are being erected. Tyumen is both ancient and young, citizens really love it.
I’d be happy to see you in Tyumen and show you my town.
Kind regards,
Alex
● Read Letter 3 and say what your favourite place is in Tyumen. Is it mentioned in the letter?
3.3 Combine the words in A and B to form phrases:
A B
1 rush a) building
2 traffic b) life
3 night c) rate
4 cost d) hour
5 crime e) park
6 shopping f) of living
7 high-rise g) jam
8 car h) centre
9 polluted i) street
10 noisy j) air
11 crowded k) possibilities
12 entertainment l) masterpieces
13 collection of m) streets
3.4 Read the factfile and decide if Tyumen is a city or a town.
town a large area with houses, shops, offices etc where people live and work, that is smaller than a city and larger than a village
village several houses forming a small group around a church, shops etc
city a large important town
home town the city or town where you lived as a child
countryside land that is outside cities and towns, with farms, fields and trees
hamlet a very small village
How do I know if a place is a city or a town or a village?
In British English we can distinguish between a city, a town, a village or a hamlet using a historical perspective.
Thousands of years ago with the beginnings of simple agriculture our distant ancestors started to settle in an area and build houses. These places were usually in areas with good access to agricultural land and with good water. Some grew faster than others, they became more important in their region and started to offer other services to the people from the region.
With time kings and queens (or their lords, dukes and earls) started to give permission (Royal Charter) for certain settlements to hold a market where people in the area could take their vegetables, fruit, animals etc to sell. These became market towns.
The church also wanted to spread its influence over the whole country. They allowed some towns to build a cathedral to serve a much larger area (diocese). These became the cities.
Nowadays the “official” definitions are:
A CITY has a cathedral or a university or both
A TOWN has a market
A VILLAGE doesn’t have a cathedral or a market but it will have a church
A HAMLET is very small with only a handful of houses and usually doesn’t have any shops or other services.
Logically there are only a few cities, more towns and even more villages. Cities are usually very big, towns are smaller and villages even smaller. There are some exceptions.
Please keep in mind that when we speak of the place where we were born we say my home town.
3.5 Fill in the correct adjectives (a, b or c):
1 The most ….. parts of Tyumen are in the centre of the city.
a) hectic b) busting c) picturesque
2 Tyumen is very ….. at night because so many young people live there.
a) crowded b) elegant c) lively
3 Tyumen is one of the Region’s most ….. towns.
a) historic b) magnificent c) deserted
4 The city centre is quite ….. at weekends.
a) clean b) shabby c) hectic
5 The streets of the town are ….., particularly in the rush-hour.
a) spacious b) animated c) deserted
3.6 Say what are the best and the worst things about living in the city. Use the following word-combinations:
plenty of things to do / dirty and polluted air / many different shops / smoke and petrol fumes / lots of cinemas and theatres / to be crowded (full of people) / variety of sport centres / to be noisy / bus service and taxi rank / to be dangerous / health centres and chemists / to be stressful / traffic jam in the rush-hour
| Model 1: | Model 2: |
| The best thing about living in a city is that there is much of nightlife. | The worst thing about living in a city is that there are too many people everywhere. |
3.7 Make a list of advantages and disadvantages of living in Tyumen. Give two columns. Use the following adjectives:
historic, noisy, crowded, fashionable, pleasant, enormous, elegant, picturesque, modern, crooked, expensive, cheap, striking, shabby, dangerous, attractive, enchanting, smart, memorable, broad, clean, narrow, ugly, terrible, terrific, busy, colourful, colourless, unforgettable, spectacular, old, famous, successful, industrial, dirty, bad, beautiful, small, contemporary, charming, excellent.
Model: Advantages: Disadvantages:
full of history busy streets
3.8 Say what features and facilities Tyumen has and hasn’t got.
Model: It has got a cathedral, but it has not got the Opera House.
3.9 Complete the idea of a dialogue in a suitable way. Fill in the gaps with the following words and word-combinations:
Nightlife / wide range / commuters / cultural activities / cope / whatever (or anything) / opportunities / cosmopolitan
1 A: The town is full of people from different countries and cultures.
B: Yes, it’s very…...
2 A: There are cinemas, theatres, museums, art galleries and everything.
B: Yes, I know, there are lots of…...
3 A: There is a …... of shops.
B: Oh yes, you can buy..…. you want.
4 A: There is plenty to do in the evening.
B: Yes, the …... is great.
5 A: There is a better chance of finding work.
B: Yes, there are more job …..
6 A: The transport system has to..… with the people who live in the country but work in town.
B: Yes, I know, there are too many ….
3.10 Read the statements about Tyumen. Agree or disagree.
1 Due to its advantageous geographical location, Tyumen developed rather quickly.
2 Modern Tyumen is a place of exile.
3 Tyumen is a gate to Siberia.
4 Tyumen is located on the right bank of the Tura River.
5 Nowadays Tyumen is a modern city, the centre of a large oil and gas-producing province.
6 There are three theatres in Tyumen: the Puppet theatre, the Drama theatre, and the Comedy theatre.
7 The best way to see the historic sights of Tyumen is to start with the monument to V. Lenin.
8 Many industrial enterprises are located in the suburbs of Tyumen.
9 Tyumen is an ancient town, more than five hundred years old.
10 The permanent population of Tyumen is about a million.
11 The street traffic in Tyumen is not so heavy.
12 The five-century history of Tyumen is extremely interesting and instructive.
13 Historical monuments are decorated with unique brick engraving.
14 Graduates of our University work in diverse branches of economy in our country and abroad.
15 Tyumen has no entertainment possibilities for elderly people.
3.11 Complete the following sentences:
1 Tyumen, the first Russian town in Siberia, was founded…..
2 It was a good idea to locate a fortified town…..
3 In 1944 the city became the…..
4 Nowadays Tyumen is…..
5 The industrial development of Tyumen began…..
6 The town has…..
7 Tyumen is a town of…..
8 The best way to see the town is…..
9 Tyumen is famous for…..
10 The citizens are proud of…..
11 Many higher educational institutions……
12 Higher educational establishments in Tyumen supply……
13 Many of old two-storied brick houses still exist…..
14 There are numerous modern……
15 Tyumen is a city of…….
3.12 Translate the following sentences into English:
1 Тюмень – это первый русский город, основанный в Сибири.
2 Тюмень расположена на живописном берегу реки Туры.
3 Сейчас Тюмень – современный город, столица нефтегазо-добывающего региона.
4 В Тюмени находится большое количество высших учебных заведений.
5 Выпускники вузов работают в различных отраслях экономики нашей страны и за рубежом.
6 Жители Тюмени гордятся своим городом.
7 История Тюмени интересна и поучительна.
8 В Тюмени много библиотек, театров, музеев и новых красивых зданий.
9 Около 70 зданий Тюмени зарегистрированы как исторические памятники.
10 Население Тюмени составляет около 600 тысяч человек.
11 Тюмень – это город банков, торговых центров и супермаркетов, город красивых цветов летом и чарующей иллюминации зимой.
3.13 Answer the following questions:
1 When was Tyumen founded? How old is it now?
2 Where is Tyumen situated?
3 Why was this place chosen by voivodes Sukin and Myasnoy?
4 When did Tyumen become the capital of the Tyumen Region?
5 Why did Tyumen begin to develop?
6 What higher educational institutions in Tyumen do you know?
8 Can you name famous places of interest in Tyumen?
9 What is the population of Tyumen?
10 Are you proud of your city? Why?/ Why not?
3.14 Read some facts about the history of Tyumen and say what information is known / unknown to you, what facts are interesting / boring
· The area along the Tobol and Tura rivers was first inhabited not less than 5000 years ago.
· A lot of buildings were built of wood, so they burnt down very often. There have been some big fires in the history of Tyumen (1668, 1687, 1695, 1705, 1766). In 1695 almost all the houses burnt down. The fire of 1705 destroyed 729 houses. After the fire of 1766 just a coachmen’s settlement remained. But every time Tyumen rose from the ashes.
· In 1692 Tyumen got its first coat of arms with a fox and beaver on it.
· In the 17th century Tyumen exported leather, clothes, fur, paper, wax, and numerous articles made of iron.
· In 1806 there were two small plants making church bells. Every year they produced 60-70 bells. They also produced small bells popular among coachmen.
· The first buildings made of stone were built in 1700. They were the church and the monastery.
· Some small rural settlements were founded not far from Tyumen by rich landowners (Voynov, Parfenov, Antipin). Now they are parts of our town.
· The population in Tyumen was the following in
1596 — 450 people 1897 — 29544 people
1624 — 1564 people 1912 — 32236 people
1763 — 6593 people 1999 — 559,600 people 1869 — 13824 people 2003 — 650,000 people
· In 1866 the first hospital was built with the money of the Tyumen merchants. The charitable activities of wealthy merchants of our town can hardly be overestimated.
· S. Kolokolnikov, the famous Tyumen merchant, founded a school for girls, a private school and a commercial school
· In 1864 the first water supply system was erected with the money of the merchant Podaruev. No other towns and settlements in Siberia had one.
· A. Tekutyev, the merchant and the head of the town, founded a theatre, built the library named after Pushkin (which still works) and bought the first X-ray equipment for the hospital.
· In 1904 there were 110 streets and roads, 4 squares, 16 Orthodox churches, a monastery, 7 parish schools, 2 libraries, 1 museum, 3 publishing houses, 3 drugstores, 7 doctors, 271 shops, a theatre and a telephone.
· In 1941 the body of Vladimir Lenin was secretly brought from Moscow Mausoleum to Tyumen and kept in the building at the corner of Krasina and Respubliki Streets, where the Argricultural Academy is now.
(from Шилова Л.В. и др. New English Wave: Учебное пособие. – Тюмень: Изд-во ТюмГУ, 2006)
3.15 You are going to be tour guides along Lenina street. Choose any part of the street to talk about. Then have a talk in turns.
Model. Hello, I’m Olga. I’m your tour guide. I’ll be happy to tell you what sights we can see between the Museum of Local Lore and Tyumen State University. Let’s start with...
(from Шилова Л.В. и др. New English Wave: Учебное пособие. – Тюмень: Изд-во ТюмГУ, 2006)
3.16 Speak about the city you live in or your home town.
UNIT 4 OUR COUNTRY
Vocabulary
1. area (N) – площадь
2. barley (N) – ячмень
3. border on (V) – граничить с
4. boundary (N) – граница
5. buckwheat (N) – гречиха
6. bulk (N) – большая часть
7. coal (N) – уголь
8. coastline (N) – береговая линия
9. copper (N) – медь
10. cradle (N) – колыбель
11. crude oil – сырая нефть
12. density (N) – плотность
13. deposit (N) – запас
14. distribute (V) – распределять
15. fresh water – пресная вода
16. fuel (N) – топливо
17. hydroelectric plant – ГЭС
18. inhabit (V) – населять; uninhabitable (A) – необитаемый
19. insufficient (A) – недостаточный
20. iron ore – железная руда
21. lead (N) [led] – свинец
22. mild (A) – мягкий
23. moss (N) – мох
24. oats (N, Pl) – овес
25. plain (N) – равнина
26. population (N) – население; sparsely populated – малонаселенный
27. rapid (A) – быстрый
28. raw materials – сырье
29. rye (N) – рожь
30. severity (N) – суровость
31. species (N) – (биологический) вид
32. supply (N) – запас
33. timber (N) – древесина
34. tin (N) – олово
35. wheat (N) – пшеница
4.1 Answer the following questions:
1 What country were you born?
2 Where do you live nowadays?
3 What holidays are the most popular in Russia?
4.2 Read the geographical names correctly, then complete the table that follows.
Russia [`r Λ ∫ə], Finland [`finlənd], Estonia [es`təunjə], Latvia [`lætviə], Lithuania [liθju(:)`einjə], Belarus [`bjelərus], Ukraine [ju(:)`krein], Poland [`poulənd], Kaliningrad [kəli:nin`gra:d], Georgia [`dʒo:dʒjə], Azerbaijan [a:zə:bai`dʒa:n], Kazakhstan [ka:za:h`sta:n], Mongolia [moŋ`gouljə], China
- [`t∫ainə], Korea [kə`riə], the Baltic Sea [ðə `bo:ltik `si:], the Black Sea [ðə `blæk `si:], the Caspian Sea [ðə `kæspiən `si:], the Azov Sea [ði ` a:zəv `si:], the Arctic Ocean [ði `a:ktik `ou∫(ə)n], the White Sea [ðə wait `si:], the Barents Sea [ðə `bærənts `si:], the Kara Sea [ðə `ka:rə `si:], the Laptev Sea [ðə `la:ptjəf `si:], the East-Siberian Sea [ði `i:stsai`biəriən `si:], the Pacific Ocean [ðə pə`sifik `ou∫(ə)n], the Bering Sea [ðə `beriŋ `si:], the Okhotsk Sea [ði ou ` kotsk `si:], the Japanese Sea [ðə dʒæpə`ni:z `si:], the European Plain [ði juərə`pi(:)ən plein], the Ural Mountains [ði `juər(ə)l `mauntinz], Siberia [sai`biəriə], the West Siberian Plain [ðə west sai`biəriən plein], the Central Siberian Plateau [ðə `sentrəl sai`biəriən `plætou], the Far East [ðə `fa:r`i:st], Europe [`juərəp], Asia [`ei∫ə], the Don [ðə don], the Volga River [ðə `vo:lgə], the Ob [ði `ob], the Yenisey [ði jeni`sei], Ladoga Lake [`la:dəgə leik], Baikal [bai`ka:l], the Kama [ðə `ka:mə], the Angara [ði Λ ng Λ` ra:].
| Country | Ocean | Sea | River | Lake | Mountain System | Territory |
4.3 Some of these sentences are correct, but some need THE (perhaps more than once). Correct the sentences where necessary.
1 River Volga flows into Caspian Sea.
2 Next year we are going to Black Sea.
3 Baikal is deepest lake in world.
4 Ural Mountains are boundary between Europe and Asia.
5 Mount Narodnaya reaches 1,895 m. It’s highest mountain in Urals.
6 Atlantic Ocean washes Russia in north.
7 Mongolia borders on Russia in south.
8 Tim has travelled a lot in Siberia and in Far East.
9 Climate of Siberia is continental.
10 Angara which flows out of Lake Baikal, an enormous natural reservoir, is practically regulated by nature itself.
11 Some rivers (Pechora, Mezen and Northern Dvina) flow into Barents and White seas while others (Neva with lakes Ladoga, Onega and Ilmen situated in its basin) drain into Baltic Sea.
12 Although Caucasus has a warm climate, mountains are covered with snow the year round.
13 Russia is washed by twelve seas and three oceans.
14 Russian Plain takes an European part of Russia.
15 Arctic Ocean consists of two principal deep basins that are subdivided into four smaller basins by three transoceanic submarine ridges.
16 Russia is a country of thick forests and wide valleys, of high mountains and bare deserts.
17 Resort towns are a feature of North Caucasus region, including Sochi (on Black Sea), Pyatigorsk, and Mineralnyye Vody.
4.4 Read the text through and match these headings with the passages:
Climate / Natural Resources / Flora / Population / Geographical Outline
Russia
1) With the area of 6,592, 800 square miles (17,075,300 sq km), Russia is the world’s largest country, almost twice the size of either China or the United States. It covers more than one-eighth of the Earth’s inhabited land area.
Russia has an extensive coastline of over 37,000km (22,991mi). Russia has the longest border of any country on the Earth. In the west it borders on Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine and Poland through the Kaliningrad Region. In the south our country borders on Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, China and North Korea.
Russia is washed by twelve seas and three oceans. It confronts the Baltic Sea in the west. The Black, Caspian and Azov Seas wash Russia in the south. The Arctic Ocean and the White, Barents, Kara, Laptev, East-Siberian Seas are in the North. The Pacific Ocean and the Bering, Okhotsk and Japanese Seas wash the country in the east.
Russia is a country of thick forests and wide valleys, of high mountains and bare deserts. Russian’s main regions are the Russian (or the East European) Plain, the Ural Mountains, the West Siberian Plain, the Central Siberian Plateau, and the Far East. The Russian Plain takes the European part of Russia. The Urals form the eastern boundary of it. It is held that the Urals separate Europe from Asia. The Urals stretch for about 2,100km from north to south. The highest peak, Mount Narodnaya, reaches 1,895m. The most important rivers in the European part of Russia are the Don and Volga. The Volga is the most famous, because it is the longest river in Europe. The Volga River, which flows to the Caspian Sea, is one of great historic, economic, and cultural importance to Russia. It has become the cradle of such ancient Russian cities as Vladimir, Tver, Yaroslavl, Kazan, Nizhny Novgorod. In Western Siberia the greatest rivers are the Ob and Yenisey. They flow along the most extensive lowland in the world. The largest lakes are Ladoga and Baikal. Baikal is the deepest lake in the world and its water is the purest on the Earth. It contains a fifth of the world’s fresh water supplies, more than all five of the Great Lakes of North America combined. Truly unique on the Earth, Baikal is home to more than 1,700 species of plants and animals, two thirds of which can be found nowhere else in the world.
2) Russia’s population density is 8.4 people per square kilometre (22 per square mile), making it one of the most sparsely populated countries in the world. Russia ranks eighth in the world in the size of its population. The current population is about 143 million people. The great majority of the population of Russia is Russians. Russia is inhabited by sixty other nationalities, and about twenty-five of these minorities have their own autonomous republics within the Russian Federation. The population in Russia is unequally distributed. The bulk of the people live in the European part of the country. Siberia is insufficiently populated, though its economic development was rapid in the second half of the 20th century. The northern part of Russia is practically uninhabitable because of the length and severity of its winter.
3) There are different types of climate on the territory of Russia. Great ranges of temperature are typical. It is very cold in the north even in summer. The central part of the country has mild climate: winters are cold, springs and autumns are warm or cool, and summers are hot and warm. In the south the temperature is usually above zero all the year round, even in winter. Summer
is really hot. The climate there is very favourable. The climate of Siberia is continental: summers are hot and dry, sometimes humid, winters are very cold.
4) Different climatic regimes are mirrored in Russian’s flora. A treeless tundra with mosses and grasses extends along the entire Arctic coast. In the south it gives the way to taiga. Southwards taiga is replaced by a zone of mixed forest which in the south transfers into mixed forest-steppe and finally into steppe.
Russia has the world’s largest forest reserves, which supply timber, pulp and paper, and raw materials for woodworking industries.
Because of the severity of the Russian environment, less than one sixth of the land is used as farmland for growing wheat, barley, rye, oats, rice, buckwheat and doing farming.
5) Russia has the richest deposits of mineral resources in the world. The development of the Russian economy is determined by its natural resources. It is one of the world’s biggest producers of coal, crude oil, and natural gas, as well as of iron ore, copper, zinc, lead, nickel, aluminum, tin, etc. Extensive pipeline systems link producing districts to all parts of Russia and across the border to many European countries. Much of the country’s fuel is converted to electricity, but about a third of the electricity is produced by hydroelectric plants. The largest of these are on the Volga, Kama, Ob, Yenisey and Angara rivers. Russia’s heavy industries are well-developed. They produce much of the nation’s steel and most of its heavy machinery. Russia’s chemical industry is also well-developed.
4.5 Match the words and word-combinations in A with their synonyms in B:
A B
1 border a) reserve, reservoir, stock
2 to border on (countries) b) to rate, to classify
3 to be obvious c) to spread, to scatter
4 bare d) not much, not enough
5 to stretch e) to occupy, to live in
6 extensive f) boundary, frontier, borderline
7 supply g) to be apparent, to be clear
8 unique h) majority, greater part
9 to rank i) variety
10 to inhabit j) quick, swift
11 to distribute k) good, satisfactory
12 bulk of l) treeless, open
13 insufficiently m) damp, moist
14 rapid n) great, huge, immense, spacious
15 range o) to extend, to spread
16 favourable p) marsh, bog
17 humid q) incomparable
18 swamp r) to be next to
4.6 Give the English equivalents for the following:
Простираться, занимать территорию, густые леса, граничить со многими странами, широкие долины, быть недостаточно населенным, обширная низменность, экономическое развитие, основная масса населения, широтные климатические зоны, благоприятный климат, быть неравномерно распределенным, запасы пресной воды, диапазон температур.
4.7 Match the adjectives in A with the corresponding nouns in B:
Adjectives Nouns
1 important a) water
2 high b) population
3 bare c) city
4 fresh d) resources
5 ancient e) ground
6 swampy f) lakes
7 current g) lowland
8 cultural h) deposits
9 natural i) deserts
10 extensive j) mountains
11 rich k) importance
12 deep l) rivers
4.8 Are these statements true (T) or false (F)? If the statement is false, correct it.
1 Russia stretches over an enormous area of Eastern Europe.
2 Russia is washed by twenty seas and four oceans.
3 The current population in Russia is about 130 million people.
4 The Urals form the northern boundary of Russia.
5 The population in Russia is equally distributed.
6 There are diverse types of climate on the territory of Russia.
7 The climate of Siberia is temperate.
8 Its mineral resources determine the development of the Russian economy.
9 It is one of the world’s biggest producers of coal, oil and natural gas.
10 There is no official language in the country, because Russia is multinational.
11 Baikal is the largest salt water lake.
4.9 Translate into English:
1 Россия является одной из самых больших стран мира.
2 Россия занимает огромную территорию.
3 Россия соседствует со многими странами.
4 Россия занимает восьмое место в мире по численности населения.
5 Большая часть населения живет в Европейской части страны.
6 Сибирь недостаточно заселена.
7 Россия имеет самые богатые запасы природных ресурсов в мире.
8 Россия – самый большой производитель угля, нефти и природного газа.
9 Тяжелая промышленность России хорошо развита.
10 Официальным государственным языком страны является русский язык.
11 Москва – столица России.
4.10 Complete the following sentences using the information from the text:
1 Russia borders on many countries…..
2 Russia covers almost twice the territory of…..
3 The Russian Plain takes on…..
4 The Urals form…..
5 The most important rivers in the European part of Russia are…..
6 The largest lakes are…..
7 The current population is…..
8 Russia is inhabited by…….
9 The northern part of Russia is…….
10 Russia has the richest…..
11 The development of the Russian economy…….
12 Russia is one of the world’s biggest producers……
13 Russia’s heavy industries produce……
14 The head of the country is…..
15 Moscow is…..
4.11 Answer the following questions:
1 Where is Russia situated?
2 What is Russia washed by?
3 What countries does the Russian Federation border on?
4 What is lake Baikal noted for?
5 What are the most important rivers in Russia?
6 What is the deepest lake in Russia?
7 What types of climate are there on the territory of Russia?
8 What can you say about the population of Russia?
9 How large is the population of Russia?
10 Is Russia rich in natural resources?
11 Is Russia’s industry well-developed?
12 What is the official language of the Russian Federation?
13 What is the capital of Russia?
4.12 Study the factfile:
Official name: Russian Federation
Capital: Moscow
Population number: about 143 mln
Natural Regions: the East European Plain the West Siberian Plain
the Central Siberian Plateau the Far East
Mountain Systems: the Altai, the Caucasus, the Cherskiy,
the Pamir, the Sayan, the Tian Shan, the Ural
The highest Peak: Elbrus – 18,481 feet (5,633 metres)
Major Rivers: the Amur, the Angara, the Irtysh, the Lena, the Ob, the Volga,
the Yenisey
Major Lakes: Baikal, Ladoga, Onega
Natural Zones: Tundra (along the Arctic coast), taiga (north and central half of the country), forest, forest-steppe, steppe
Climate: Long bitter winters and short summers (tundra)
Long severe winters, short springs and summers (taiga)
Long cold winters, hot moist summers (forest)
Cold winters and hot dry summers (steppe)
Major Agricultural Products: Crops, sugar, beets, wheat, potatoes, barley, rye, oats, cabbage, tomatoes, sunflowers.
Cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, horses, poultry, fish, seafood
Major Mined Products: Coal, oil, natural gas, iron ore, salt, bauxite, lead, tin, manganese, zinc, copper, nickel, molybdenum, gold, etc.
Major Manufactured Products: Iron, steel, cement, mineral fertilizers, chemicals, food products, wood products, machine tools, food processing equipment, chemical equipment, oil and gas equipment
Currency: 1rouble = 100kopecs
4.13 Read the factfile and answer the questions below:
1. Which fact do you find the most surprising?
2. Which fact arouses the mostoptimism?
Lake Baikal
Lake Baikal is the most ancient lake on the earth, its great age is more than 25 million years. So, it is the oldest body of fresh water.
It is the deepest lake, measuring 1,635 metres from top to bottom, more than a mile.
It holds one-fifth of the planet’s fresh water and 80 per cent of the former Soviet Union’s – more water than all of North America’s Great Lakes combined.
Baikal extends for 635 kilometres from north-east to south-west, covering the area of 30,500 square kilometres.
Baikal sits in the planet’s deepest land depression (впадина). Its depression formed of hard, fixed rocks holds 23,000cu km of chemically very pure and extraordinary clear water.
Its cold waters move vertically, carrying oxygen to the bottom, where 1,500 endemic species (эндемичные, т.е. свойственные данной местности, виды) were spotted. Lake Tahoe has two endemic species, Lake Superior – four endemic species.
Fifty-two species of fish inhabit these waters.
Baikal owes its longevity (долговечность, долголетие) to the tectonically active rift (разлом земной коры) it occupies, which may cause it to widen by as much as 2.5 centimetres each year.
The Buryat – ethnic Mongols – settled its shores long before the 13th century conquests (завоевания) of Genghis Khan. Russian fur (мех) traders arrived in the 1640s.
(From Брунова Е.Г., Латфуллина И.Д., Фомина Е.В.
Английский язык: Учебное пособие. – Тюмень: Изд-во ТюмГУ, 2012)
4.14 National cuisine is part of national culture, isn’t it? Match the dishes with the cuisine, description and ingredients and fill in the table
Borshch / bliny / manty / shashlyk / okroshka / chak-chak
Russian / Tartar / Caucasian
Thin pancakes / a sweet dessert, made of honey and pastry / a soup of Ukrainian origin that is popular in many Eastern and Central European countries / Cold soup of mostly raw vegetables like cucumbers, spring onions, boiled potatoes, with eggs, and a cooked meat such as beef, veal, sausages, or ham with kvass, topped with sour cream / Marinated lamb skewers; sometimes with vegetables / Dumplings of a spiced meat mixture, usually lamb or ground beef, in a dough wrapper, either boiled or steamed.
Flour, eggs, oil, honey / Beef or pork, onion, cabbage, carrot, beetroot, tomatoes, potatoes, water / Lamb or beef, salt, pepper, onion, flour, water / Flour, eggs, oil, milk, sugar, salt, yeast / Cucumbers, spring onions, boiled potatoes, boiled eggs, sausages, kvass, sour cream / Lamb, vinegar, salt, pepper, onion, tomatoes
| Dish | Cuisine | Description | Ingredients |
4.15 Write a letter to Susy and describe your favourite national dish.
4.16 Project work. Chose a Russian tradition and make a presentation. Use the hints below
New Year
Dinner with family or friends / Olivier salad / “ Irony of Fate” / New Year Tree / Fireworks / Illumination / Father Frost and Snegurochka /
Wedding
Bride and groom / best friend / bride price / groom testing / rings / flowers / ceremony
Maslennitsa (Shrovetide)
Bliny / jackstraw of winter / competitions
House-Warming
Let in a cat / useful presents / moving mess
Bibliography
1 Брунова Е.Г., Латфуллина И.Д., Фомина Е.В. Английский язык: Учебное пособие. – Тюмень: Изд-во ТюмГУ, 2012.
2 Тюмень университетская. Путеводитель по ТюмГУ. Изд-во ТюмГУ, 2005.
3 Шилова Л.В. и др. New English Wave: Учебное пособие. – Тюмень: Изд-во ТюмГУ, 2006.
4 Gorskaya, M.V. English-Russian and Russian-English Geographical Dictionary. – Moscow: Russky Yasyk Publishers, 1994.
5 Jordan, R.R. Academic Writing Course. – Harlow: Pearson Education Limited Edinburgh Gate, 2002.
6 Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, 2005.
7 McCarthy, M., O’Dell, F. English Vocabulary in Use. Upper-Intermediate. –Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
8 Oxford Minireference Dictionary and Thesaurus. – Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996.
9 Redman, S. English Vocabulary in Use. Pre-intermediate and Intermediate. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
Useful Links
1 Photos of Tyumen: http://www.panoramio.com/user/1807604
2 Institute of Mathematics, Science and IT: http://imenit.info
3 List of Russian dishes: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Russian_dishes
4 Tyumen: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyumen
5 Tyumen State University: http://www.utmn.ru
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