Hypertension

Exercise 1. Learn the active vocabulary:

hypertension [ˌhaɪpəˈtɛnʃən] - гіпертонія measurement [ˈmɛʒəmənt] - вимірювання; вимір hypotension [ˌhaɪpəʊˈtɛnʃən] - гіпотонія stroke [strəʊk] - параліч moderate [ˈmɒdərɪt] – помірний, середній persistent [pəˈsɪstənt] - стійкий

insufficient [ˌɪnsəˈfɪʃənt] - недостатній asymptomatic [æˌsɪmptəˈmætɪk] - безсимптомний sedentary [ˈsɛd^əntərɪ] -сидячий potassium [pəˈtæsɪəm] - калій alcohol intake – споживання алкоголю aging [‘eɪdʒɪŋ] - старіння

Exercise 2. Match the definitions with the words from active vocabulary:

a) the process of growing old or maturing

b) a sudden severe attack of paralysis

c) characterized by much sitting

d) without symptoms

e) abnormally low blood pressure

f) inadequate or deficient

g) insistently repetitive or continuous

h) abnormally elevated blood pressure

i) not extreme or excessive; within due or reasonable limits

Exercise 3. Translate the word combinations:

Cardiac chronic medical condition, systemic arterial blood pressure, primary hypertension, secondary hypertension, obvious medical cause, persistent hypertension, risk factors for stroke, chronic kidney failure, moderate elevation, shortened life expectancy, dietary and lifestyle changes, associated health complications, ineffective or insufficient, accelerated hypertension, direct cause, sedentary lifestyle, potassium deficiency, salt sensitivity, inherited genetic mutations, family history of hypertension.

Exercise 4. Read and translate the text:

Hypertension or high blood pressure is a cardiac chronic medical condition in which the systemic arterial blood pressure is elevated. What that means is that the heart has to work harder than it should to pump the blood around the body. Blood pressure involves two measurements, systolic and diastolic. Normal blood pressure is 120/80 mm/Hg. The first figure is the systolic blood pressure, the pressure there is in the arteries when your heart is contracting. The second, or lower figure, is the diastolic blood pressure, which is the pressure in your arteries between heart beats. High blood pressure is anything above 140/90 mm/Hg. Hypertension is the opposite of hypotension. Hypertension is classified as either primary (essential) hypertension or secondary hypertension. About 90–95% of cases are categorized as "primary hypertension," which means high blood pressure with no obvious medical cause. The remaining 5–10% of cases (Secondary hypertension) are caused by other conditions that affect the kidneys, arteries, heart or endocrine system.

Persistent hypertension is one of the risk factors for stroke, myocardial infarction and heart failure, and is a leading cause of chronic kidney failure. Moderate elevation of arterial blood pressure leads to shortened life expectancy. Dietary and lifestyle changes can improve blood pressure control and decrease the risk of associated health complications, although drug treatment may prove necessary in patients for whom lifestyle changes are ineffective or insufficient.

Mild to moderate essential hypertension is usually asymptomatic. Accelerated hypertension is associated with headache, drowsiness, confusion, vision disorders, nausea, and vomiting.

Although no direct cause for hypertension has been identified, there are many factors such as sedentary lifestyle, smoking, stress, obesity, potassium deficiency, salt sensitivity, alcohol intake, and vitamin D deficiency that increase the risk of developing hypertension. Risk also increases with aging, some inherited genetic mutations, and having a family history of hypertension.

The first line of treatment for hypertension includes some lifestyle changes:

· Dietary changes

· Physical exercise

· Weight loss

If hypertension is high enough to justify immediate use of medications, lifestyle changes are still recommended in combination with medications.

Exercise 5. Answer the questions to the text:

1) What is hypertension?

2) What is hypotension?

3) What two measurements does blood pressure involve?

4) What blood pressure is considered to be normal?

5) What is persistent hypertension a leading factor for?

6) What does moderate elevation of arterial blood pressure lead to?

7) What is accelerated hypertension associated with?

8) What increases the risk of developing hypertension?

9) What is the first line of treatment for hypertension?

Exercise 6. Find the translation of the following word combinations in the text:

Первинна гіпертонія, виправдовувати негайне застосування ліків, стійка гіпертонія, зміни у способі життя, помірне підвищення кров’яного тиску, пряма причина, наявність гіпертонії у сім’ї, дефіцит калію, сидячий спосіб життя, фактори ризику паралічу, фізичні вправи, зміни у харчуванні, успадковані генетичні мутації, чутливість до солі, неефективний та недостатній, скорочена тривалість життя.

Exercise 7. Put questions to the underlined words:

1) The heart has to work harder to pump the blood around the body.

2) Blood pressure involves two measurements.

3) Normal blood pressure is 120/80 mm/Hg.

4) Hypertension is classified as either primary (essential) hypertension or secondary hypertension.

5) Moderate elevation of arterial blood pressure leads to shortened life expectancy.

6) Dietary and lifestyle changes can improve blood pressure control.

7) Accelerated hypertension is associated with headache, drowsiness, confusion, vision disorders, nausea, and vomiting.

8) The first line of treatment for hypertension includes some lifestyle changes.

Exercise 7. Open the brackets put the verbs into the appropriate tense (Active or Passive):

1) Occupation (not to play) an important role in the etiology of hypertension.

2) Hypertension in the older age group (to associate) with loss of elasticity of the aorta and its main branches.

3) Hypertension (to be) more common in the female than in the male.

4) Hypertension (to tolerate) better during the child-bearing years in the female than hypertension in the male.

5) Lifestyle changes (to recommend) together with medications.

6) Accelerated hypertension (to associate) with headache, drowsiness, confusion, vision disorders, nausea, and vomiting.

7) Dietary and lifestyle changes (to decrease) the risk of associated health complications.

8) No direct cause for hypertension (to identify) yet.

Exercise 8. Explain the following terms in English (4-5 sentences):

Hypertension, hypotension

Дата добавления: 2015-10-29