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ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY (5), (6)

Words

actual adj add v almost adv assign (to) v belong (to) v cumbersome adj consider v consist (of) v

contain v express v human n identify v map (to) v normally adv octet n particular adj

pre-defined adj refer (to) v restrict v split (into) v state n unique adj value n DNS

Word Combinations

decimal format dotted decimal number binary form to be reserved for more and more

to serve a purpose to be in one`s infancy to establish a link with smth. to become unwieldy solution to the problem

EXERCISES

1. Write English equivalents for the following words and phrases:

уникальный идентификационный номер; пользоваться услугой; выглядеть; для того, чтобы облегчить; общаться в двоичной форме; тот же самый IP-адрес; иметь два разных значения; суммарное количество возможных комбинаций; содержать любое значение; использовать для широковещательной рассылки; отделять цифры; создавать классы IP-адресов; государственная организация; компьютеры, соединённые между собой с помощью …; устанавливать соединение; простой текстовый файл; преобразовывать имена в IP-адреса; система доменных имён; вам необходимо только запомнить; вместо чего-л.

2. Transcribe and learn to read the following words:

unique, identify, decimal, pre-define, binary, value, purpose, assign, business, actual, default, special, cumbersome, automatically.

3. Give the Infinitive of:

stood, looked, combined, was, split, identified, referred, hooked.

4. Find in the fifth and the sixth parts of text 2 synonyms to the following words and word combinations:

normal, to employ, person, dual, configuration, to append, to regard, probable, to limit, to hold aside, aim, to detach, category, to appoint, babyhood, to supply, to translate, bulky.

5. Write the expansions of the following abbreviations:

IP, NIC, DNS.

Match the words on the left with their definitions on the right.

1. Machine	a. a computer connected to a network and providing facilities to other computers.
2. IP-address	b. a sequence of coded instructions fed into a computer, enabling it to perform specified logical and arithmetical operations on data.
3. Program	c. the numeric code that identifies all computers that are connected to the Internet.
4. Format	d. a communications link between two points, esp. by telephone.
5. Class	e. any mechanical or electrical device that automatically performs tasks or assists in performing tasks.
6. Host	f. a named collection of information, in the form of text, programs, graphics, etc. held on a permanent storage device such as a magnetic disk.
7. Connection	g. the defined arrangement of data encoded in a file or, for example on magnetic disk or CD-ROM, essential for the correct recording and recovery of data on different devices.
8. File	h. a collection or division of people or things sharing a common characteristic, attribute, quality, or property.

7. Translate these passages in writing:

a) To make it easier for us humans to remember, IP addresses are normally expressed in decimal format as a dotted decimal number like the one above. But computers communicate in binary form.

b) The four numbers in an IP address are called octets, because they each have eight positions when viewed in binary form. If you add all the positions together, you get 32, which is why IP addresses are considered 32-bit numbers.

c) The octets serve a purpose other than simply separating the numbers. They are used to create classes of IP addresses that can be assigned to a particular business, government or other entity based on size and need.

d) The first solution to the problem was a simple text file maintained by the Network Information Center that mapped names to IP addresses. Soon this text file became so large it was too cumbersome to manage.

Answer the following questions using the information from the fifth and the sixth parts of text 2.

1. What does every machine on the Internet have? 2. What is the Internet Protocol? 3. What format are IP addresses normally expressed in? 4. But what form do computers communicate in? 5. How are the four numbers in an IP address called and why? 6. What values can each octet contain? 7. What other purpose do the octets serve for? 8. How many sections are the octets split into? 9. What is the Net section used for? 10. What does the Host section identify? 11. What was the first solution to the problem of increasing number of computers online? 12. What did the University of Wisconsin create in 1983?

Look through the fifth and the sixth parts of text 2 once more and mark the statements as true (T) or false (F).

1.	□	The IP stands for Information provider, which is the language that computers use to communicate over the Internet.
2.	□	Computers communicate in decimal form.
3.	□	The four numbers in an IP address are called octets because they each have eight positions when viewed in binary form.
4.	□	Each octet can contain any value between zero and 512.
5.	□	The octets are also used to create classes of IP addresses.
6.	□	The octets are split into two sections: Net and Host.
7.	□	The Net section identifies the actual computer on the network and the Host section is used to identify the network that a computer belongs to.
8.	□	In 1983 the Domain Name System which maps text names to IP addresses automatically was created.

Make summary of the fifth and the sixth parts of text 2 using opening phrases on page __.

Read the text and fill each gap with a suitable preposition or adverb from the box.

A) Provide definitions to the words and word combinations in bold type.

for to without via upon to on up of to on between with upon of up with to on through

Internet Collapse and Communication Errors

A world ___ the Internet would probably seem very strange ___ us now. Depending ___ the nature of the disaster and how you defined the Internet, even basic services like text messaging or cell phone service could become unavailable. That's because the infrastructure ___ these services is also part ___ the Internet infrastructure. If you take this thought experiment ___ an extreme case, even the phone lines might not work since they, too, form part of the Internet's infrastructure.

Some cable and satellite services would be unavailable. You could still access television programming sent ___ broadcast towers if you had an antenna. But if the cable and satellite systems were part ___ the general collapse, you'd lose access ___ most channels.

You wouldn't be able to log ___ to social networking sites and services like Facebook or Twitter. You wouldn't be able to fire up an instant messaging service to check ___ on friends. Many of the tools we rely ___ to keep ___ ___ what our friends and family are doing would cease to exist. If the cell phone towers and telephone lines were also affected, we'd be reduced ___ writing letters and sending them ___ the post office.

Transferring files ___ computers would be difficult, too. You'd either need to store the files ___ some form of physical media like a compact disc or you'd need to connect the two computers ___ a physical cable. Projects that depend ___ grid computing to make complex calculations wouldn't work either. Cloud computing services would also fail and the information you store on those services could become inaccessible.

(By Jonathan Strickland)

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Дата добавления: 2015-10-29