Now that you know the history of books and publishing, make sure that you remember

Some important facts of their development.

A. Arrange the places and persons in the chronological order to illustrate the

development of printing and books. Number them as 1, 2, 3…… etc. Match

Them with approximate dates.

____the Egyptian papyrus roll	3000 BC
____Chinese books	2500 BC
____the clay tablets of Mesopotamia	1300 BC
____Roman books,	900 BC
____Greek books,	100 BC
____the medieval book,	200 AD
____the codex	4^th c. AD
____Frantsysk Skaryna of Polatsk	1450 – 1550
____William Caxton
____Johannes Guttenberg	1522–25

C. What materials had been used before paper was invented and distributed in Europe. Match the names with their definitions. Make sure you know their Russian equivalents.

tablets	- writing material of ancient times and also the plant from which it was derived, also called paper plant.
vapyrus	- made from water-cleaned clay.
the codex	- made of wood or bamboo strips bound together with cords.
Chinese books	- texts written on papyrus rolls
greek books	- texts written on papyrus rolls and waxed woodent tablets
Roman books	- constructed from folded leaves bound together on one side
vellum and parchment	- a finer quality of parchment
vellum	- materials prepared from the skins of animals.
The medieval book	- a codex written on vellum or parchment

C. Answer the questions.

1 Which 3 major inventions facilitied the development of publishing and books?

2 What social change was vital for its implementation?

3 What linguistic pre-condition promoted the development of printing, broadly

speaking?

4 Which country is believed to have pioneered the invention of printing?

5 How was the knowledge of paper passed on to Europe?

6 What did the invention of printing in Europe call into being?

7 Where were the first libraries established and why?

8 Why did the church and authorities try to exercise censhorship over written matter?

9 Over the history of their development, books have been repeatedly burnt and destroyed, Why, do you think?

10 How is a book defined by UNESCO?

11 How are the Greek words biblos and byblos related? What are their meanings?What does the Latin word vollumen mean? What is its modern English equivalent?

12 How would you interpret Fransisc Skaryna’s statement Reading is the mirror of our life, the balm for the afflicted.?

D. Look at the picture below and say what is described there.

² Listening comprehension

97 The recording you are going to hear is called “The Bible Hospital”. With a partner,

Work out what it might be about. To help you, there are words, which occur in the

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