The content of the lecture: ECONOMY

Мазмұны

Түсінік хат

THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND

Лекция 1: Geographical Survey (territory and structure).

Лекция 2 Composition of the country

Лекция 3: National Economy and Chief Industries of the UK.

Лекция 4: Political System.

Лекция 5: The System of Education in the UK

Лекция 6: How they live (culture, leisure, holidays)

Лекция 7: Places to see in Britain

THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Лекция 8: Geographical Survey. Economy.

Лекция 9: A brief history of the United States (before the independence)

Лекция 10: A brief history of the United States (after the independence)

Лекция 11: Political System

Лекция 12: The System of Education in the USA

Лекция 13: One from many(cultural diversity)

Лекция 14: How they live (culture, leisure, holidays)

Лекция 15: Course review

«Елтану» пәні бойынша емтихан сұрақтары (ауызша, жазбаша)

«Елтану» пәні бойынша тест сұрақтары (150 тест)

Ұсынылатын әдебиеттер

Түсінік хат

Қазіргі кезде шетел тілін оқыту процесі негізінде елтану ұстанымы алынады. Осы ұстанымға сүйене отырып, шетел тілін оқыту, үйренетін тіл елінің бүкіл мәдени кеңістігін, оның барлық ерекшеліктерімен және қарама-қарсылығымен, ұлттық және аймақтық теңдессіз ерекшелігімен қоса қамтиды.

Курс шетел тілін мәдениетарлық қатынас құралы ретінде меңгеруге қажетті елтану және лингвоелтану біліктілігін қалыптастыруға бағытталған. Курс шетел тілінде оқылады және оның іс жүзіндегі мақсаты – білімгерлердің сөздік қорын елтануға қажетті лексикамен, фразеологиямен және терминологиямен байыту.

Елтану курсының мақсаты-студенттерге өздері тілін үйренетін ел туралы толық мәлімет беру, оларды осы елдің тарихи, географиялық, экономикалық, қоғамдық-саяси, мәдени және әлеуметтік өзгешелігін қамтитын білім кешенімен қаруландыру.

Қойылған мақсатқа жету үшін төмендегідей міндеттерді шешу ұсынылады:

- студенттердің физикалық және экономикалық география, саяси мәдениет негіздері, тарихи даму, демократия дамуының негізгі тенденциялары, мемлекеттің конституциялық негіздері, тілін үйренетін елдердің мәдени салт-дәстүрлері туралы бімдерін қалыптастыру;

- Қазақстан Республикасында болып жатқан процестермен ұқсастықтарын анықтау;

- ғылыми-зерттеу жұмысының негізгі дағдыларын қалыптастыратын елтануға қажетті мәлеметтерді алу мақсатында энциклопедиялық сөздіктермен, тілін үйренетін елдің мерзімді басылымдарымен жұмыс істей алуға дағдыландыру.

Елтану курсын өткеннен кейін студенттер білуі тиіс:

- е лтану оқу нысанының басқа ғылымдармен байланысын;

- тілін үйренетін елдің физикалық және экономикалық географиясын;

- әкімшілік-аймақтық бөлінуін;

- тілін үйренетін елдің қалыптасу тарихын;

- қоғамдық саяси құрылысын;

- оқытылып отырған тіл елінің билігінің мемлекеттік құрылымын және саяси жүйесін;

- ғылым мен мәдениет қалыптасуының шарттары мен ерекшеліктерін;

- салт-дәстүр, әдет-ғұрып, ұлттық мейрамдары мен рәміздерін;

- тілін үйренетін елде қазіргі кезде болып жатқан саяси, экономикалық, әлеуметтік және мәдени процестерін

- әлеуметтік цивилизация жүйесіндегі тілін үйреніп отырған елдің алатын орны;

-үйренетін елдін елтануға арналған реалияларының, тұрақты идиомалық сөз тіркестерінің мағыналық құрылымын білуге тиіс.

THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND

1- Lecture. Theme: Geographical Survey (territory and structure)

Plan: 1. Geographical position (territory, physical structure and relief)

3. Climate and weather.

4. Inland waters (the largest rivers, lakes).

5. Vegetation.

6. Animal life

5. Mineral resources and their deposits.

The aim of the lecture: To get acquainted with the geographical position, climate and weather; 2 The largest rivers, lakes and mountains; vegetation; Main economic regions of the UK; Mineral resources and their deposits; General characteristics of British Industry.

Key words:

Europe ['juәrәp] –Eвpona

the English Channel [i`ŋgliʃ`tʃænl]-пролив Ла Манш

the Irish Sea ['aiәri∫'si:] - Ирландскoe Mope

the Isle of Wight [ail әv'wait] – Остров Уайт

Anglesea ['æŋglsi:] - Энглси

the Isle of Man ['ail әv'mæn] – Остров Мэн

the Hebrides ['hebridi:z] - Гебриды

Scotland [skɔtlənd] - Шотландия

the Orkney Islands ['ɔːknɪ ' aɪləndz] – Оркнейские острова

the Shetland Islands ['ʃetlənd' aɪləndz ]–Шетландские острова

England [ɪŋglənd] - Англия

Wales [weilz] – Уэльс

moorland ['muәlәnd] – пустошь,поросшая вереском

the Highlands of Scotland [hailәndz әv'skɔtlәnd] – северная высокогорная часть Шотландии

Glasgow ['gl ɑːsgou] – Глазго

Aberdeen [,æbә'di:n] – Эбердин

Ben Nevis ['ben'neviz] – Бен Невис

the Central Plain of Scotland ['sentrәl'plein әv'skɔtlənd] Центральная Шотландская равнина

the Pennines [penainz] - Пеннинские горы

the Cumbrians -[kʌmbrɪənz] – Кембрийские горы

Snowdon ['snoudәn] – Сноудон

the Lake District ['leik'distrikt] –Озёрный край

the Thames [temz] - Темза

Oxford ['ɔksfәd] – Оксфорд

the Gulf Stream ['gʌlf,stri:m] - Гольфстрим

the Gulf of Mexico ['meksikou] – Мексиканский залив

Severn ['sevәn]- Северн

the Bristol Channel ['bristәl' t∫ænl] – Бристольский залив

the Tyne [tain] – р.Тайн

the Trent [trent] - p.Трент

'' the Mersey ['mә:zi] – р.Мерсей

Liverpool ['livәpul] -Ливерпуль

the Clyde[klaid] - р.Клайд

Cumberland[kʌmbәlend]-Кэмберлeнд

Westmorland [westmәlәnd]-Уэстморленд

Lancashire [læŋkә∫iә]-Ланкашир

Northumberland [nɔ:Өʌmbələnd]- Нортумберленд

Yorkshire [jɔːk ʃɪə]-Йоркшир

Nottinghamshire [nɔtiŋæm∫iә]-Ноттингемшир

Cornwall [kɔːnwəl]-Ко́рнуолл

Devonshire [devәn∫iә]-Девоншир

Derbyshire [dа:bi∫iә]-Дербишир

Cumberland [kʌmbәlәnd]-Кемберленд

The content of the lecture: GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION. TERRITORY AND STRUCTURE. RELIEF

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is situated on the British Isles-a large group of islands lying on the north-western coast of Europe and separated from the continent by the English Channel (or La Manche) and Strait of Dover (or Pas de Calais) in the south and the North Sea in the east. The British Isles consist of two large islands – Great Britain and Ireland –separated by the Irish Sea, and a lot of small islands, the main of which are the Isle of Wight in the English Channel, Anglesea and the Isle of Man in the Irish Sea, the Hebrides – a group of islands off the north-western coast of Scotland, and two groups of islands lying to the north of Scotland: the Orkney Islands and the Shetland Islands.

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the official name of the state which is sometimes referred to as Great Britain or Britain (after its major historic part) or the British Isles.

The UK is an Island state: it is composed of about 5,500 islands, large and small. the two main islands are Great Britain (in which are England, Wales and Scotland) to the east and Ireland (in which are Northern Ireland and the Independent Irish Republic) to the west. They are separated by the Irish Sea.

The general slope of the land is from north-west to south-east. The mountains cover the greater part of the northern, western and middle Great Britain. They can be divided into the following groups:

a) The Highlands of Scotland occupy most of the land to the north-west of a line drawn from Glasgow to Aberdeen. Two parts of the Highlands-the North-western Highlands and the Grampians-are separated by a narrow valley, through which runs the Caledonian Canal. At the south-western end of the Highlands rises Ben Nevis, 1343m, the highest mountain of the British Isles.

b) The Central Plain of Scotland separates the Highlands from the Southern Uplands of Scotland. The Southern Uplands and the Pennines, which stretch in the north-south direction across the northern and middle parts of England, from a practically continuous group.

c) Nearly the whole of Wales is occupied by the Cumbrians. The highest peak of the Cumbrians is Snowdon, 1085m.

The south-eastern part of England is lowland, interrupted in places by low chalk ridges.

The UK is one of the world’s smaller countries (it is twice smaller than France or Spain), with an area of some 244,100 (244,088) square kilometers. English is not the only language which people use in the UK. English is the official language. But some people speak Gaelic in western Scotland, Welsh – in parts of northern and central Wales.

The flag of the UK, known as the Union Jack, is made up of three crosses. the upright red cross is the cross of St. George, the patron saint of England. The white diagonal cross is the cross of St. Andrew, the patron saint of Scotland. The red diagonal cross is the cross of St. Patrick, the patron saint of Ireland.

CLIMATE and WEATHER

Great Britain enjoys the humid and mild marine West-Coast climate with warm winters and cool summers and a lot of rainfall throughout the year.

The prevailing winds blow from the south-west. As these winds blow from the ocean, they are mild in winter and cool in summer, and are heavily charged with moisture at all times. Therefore the wettest parts of Britain are those areas where high mountains lie near the west coast: the western Highlands of Scotland, the Lake District and North Wales. The eastern part of Britain is said to be in the rain-shadow, as the winds lose most of their moisture in their passage over the highlands of the west.

All parts of the British Isles receive rain at any time of the year. Still autumn and winter are the wettest seasons, except in the Thames district, where most rain falls in the summer half of the year. Oxford, for example, has 29 per cent of its rain in summer and only 22 per cent in winter.

As to temperature, Great Britain has warmer winter than any other district in the same latitude. It is due in large measure to the prevalence of mild south-west winds. Another factor is the Gulf Stream, which flows from the Gulf of Mexico and brings much warmth from the equatorial regions to north-western Europe.

INLAND WATERS

The rivers of GB are short, their direction and character are determined by the position of the mountains. Most of the rivers flow by the eastward direction since the west coast is mountainous.

Due to the humid climate and abundant rainfall, the water level in the rivers is always high. The rivers seldom freeze in winter; most of them remain ice free. Many of the rivers are joined together by canals. This system of rivers and canals provides a good means of cheap inland water transport.

British rivers are not navigable for ocean ships, but they form deep estuaries, and strong tides penetrating into them prevent the formation of deltas. Most of the large ports of Great Britain are situated in the estuaries.

The most important rivers are Severn, flowing from the Cumbrian Mountains in Wales into the Bristol Channel, the Thames, flowing across the plains of south-eastern England and emptying into the North Sea, the Tyne and the Trent, flowing from the eastern slopes of the Pennines to the North Sea, the Mersey, flowing down the western slopes of the Pennines and emptying into the Irish Sea at Liverpool, and the Clyde in Scotland, which flows west across the Southern Uplands and on which the port of Glasgow is situated.

Owing to the fact that British lakes are rather small and have no outlets, they afford limited economic possibilities in the system of navigable waterways. But most of them, especially those situated in the counties of Cumberland, Westmorland and north Lancashire, are famous for their unique beauty and picturesque surroundings. Famous is the English Lakes District, occupying a comparatively small area. It is a place of steep ridges and deep valleys, smooth slopes and deep lakes, ravines, waterfalls and green meadows. The Lake District is one of the most popular holiday districts in Great Britain.

VEGETATION

Many parts of highland Britain have only thin, poor soils. As a result, there are large stretches of moorland in the Highlands of Scotland, the Pennines, the Lake District, the mountains of Wales and in some parts of north-east and south-west England. In most of these areas the farmers have cultivated only the valley lands and the plains where the soils are deeper and richer.

With its mild climate and varied soils, Britain has a rich natural vegetation. When the islands were first settled, oak forests have been cut down, and now woodlands occupy only about 7 per cent of the surface of the country. The most common trees are oak, beech, ash and elm, and in Scotland also pine and bitch. Most of the countryside England is agricultural land, about a third of which is arable, and the rest is pasture and meadow.

ANIMAL LIFE

The animal life of the British Isles is now much poorer than it was a few centuries ago. With the disappearance of forests, many forest animals, including the wolf, the bear, the boar, the deer and the Irish elk, have become practically extinct. There are foxes in most rural areas, and otters are found along many rivers and streams. Of smaller animals are mice, rats, hedgehogs, moles, squirrels, hares rabbits and weasels.

There are a lot of birds, including many song-birds. Blackbirds, sparrows and starlings are probably most common. There are many sea-birds, which nest round the coasts and often fly far inland in search of food or shelter in rough weather.

MINERAL RESOURCES

GB is rich in coal. There are rich coal basins in Northumberland, Lancashire, Nottinghamshire, South Wales, North Wales and Glasgow.

Among other resources, iron ores found alongside coal layers are of primary importance. There are tin and copper mines in Cornwall and Devonshire, copper and lean mines in England. Lead and silver ores are also mined in Derbyshire and Cumberland and Lancashire.

Control questions:

1. What is the general slope of the land in GB?

2. What climate does Great Britain enjoy?

3. What are the characteristic features of this climate?

4. What mineral resources is GB rich in?

5. Why does GB have rich natural vegetation?

Lecture. Theme: Composition of the country

Plan: 1. England

2. Scotland

3. Wales

4. Northern Ireland

The aim of the lecture: To get acquainted with the parts of the UK, with their geographical position, climate and weather; 2 The largest rivers, lakes and mountains; vegetation; main economic regions; mineral resources and their deposits; general characteristics

Key words:

Lough Neagh- [lɔx'nei] –оз. Лох Ней

urban - городской

manufacture - производить

cradle - колыбель

oil rigs – нефтяная вышка

kilt –(шотландская) юбка

chieftain – вождь

tartan – шотландка (fabric)

thistle - чертополох

peninsula - полуостров

barley - ячмень

oats -овес

hay - сено

reforestation – восстановление лесных массивов

The content of the lecture:Historically the territory of the United Kingdom is divided into four parts:1) England 2) Scotland 3) Wales 4) Northern Ireland

ENGLAND

Of the four parts which make up Great Britain England is the largest, the industrial and most densely populated part of the UK. It occupies an area of 131,8 thousand sq. km. Over 46 million people of the population of the UK live in England.

The greatest concentrations of population are in London, Birmingham and northwest industrial cities. The coasts of England are washed by the North Sea, the Irish Sea, the English Channel and the Strait of Dover. No part of England is more than 120 kilometers from the sea.

It is interesting to note that the sea has been important in the history of England. It was a good protection against the attacks of outside peoples. Fishing has always been an important industry, especially in the east. The sea also has a great effect on England’s climate.

There are many rivers in England. The longest and the most important is the Thames. The rivers are of great importance for communication and especially for carrying goods.

England is mostly a lowland country. There are upland regions in the north and the southwest, but the rest of England is almost flat.

Northern England, Midlands and Southern England – each part of England is different. The Lake District in Northern England with its lakes, mountains and valleys is a favourite holiday area. On either side of the Pennines the plains of Yorkshire and Lancashire stretch to the sea.

The wool industry is centered in Leeds and Bradford, the cotton industry in Manchester, iron ore goes to the steel, heavy machinery and shipbuilding industries of Newcastle and other cities. The industries of the Midlands, with Birmingham as its chief city, produce metal goods, from motor cars and railway engines to pins and buttons. The Midland plain makes good farm land.

In Southern England are found some of the oldest British settlements and traces of ancient monuments such as Stonehenge, which was built approximately 4000 years ago, and was used by ancient druids as a calendar to define the seasons and time.

Modern London is not one city that has steadily become larger through the centuries; it is a number of cities, towns, and villages that have, during the past centuries, grown together to make one vast urban area. London is situated upon both banks of the River Thames; it is the largest city in Britain and one of the largest in the world. Its population is about 7 million people.

London dominates the life of Britain. It is a big port and most important commercial, manufacturing and cultural centre. There is little heavy industry in London, but there is a wide range of light industry in Greater London. The City extends over an area of about 2.6 sq km. in the heart of London. About half a million people work in the City but only less than 6000 live here. It is the financial centre of the UK with many banks, offices and the Stock Exchange. But the City is also a market for goods of almost every kind, from all parts of the world.

The West End can be called the centre of London. Here are the historical palaces as well as the famous parks. Hyde Park with its Speaker’s Corner is also here. Among other parks are Kensington Gardens, St. James’s Park. In the West End is Buckingham Palace which is the Queen’s residence, and the Palace of Westminster which is the seat of Parliament.

The best known streets here are Whitehall with important Government offices, Downing Street, the London residence of the Prime Minister and the place where the Cabinet meets, Fleet Street where most newspapers have their offices, Harley Street where the highest-paid doctors live, and some others.

The name ‘West End’ came to be associated with wealth, luxury, and goods of high quality. It is the area of the largest department store, cinemas and hotels. There are about 40 theatres, several concert halls, many museums including the British Museum, and the best art galleries.

The port of London is to the east of the City. Here were kilometers of docks, and the great industrial areas that depended upon shipping. This is the East End of London, formerly unattractive in appearance, but now changing because of the introduction of new industries and very expensive housing.

SCOTLAND

Status: Part of United Kingdom

First Minister: Jack McConnell (2001)

Land area: 30,414 sq mi (78,772 sq km)

Population (1996 est.): 5,128,000; density per sq mi: 168.6

Capital (2003 est.): Edinburgh, 663,700 (metro. area), 460,000 (city proper)

Largest city: Glasgow, 1,361,000 (metro. area), 1,099,400 (city proper)

Monetary unit: British pound sterling (£)

Languages: English, Scots Gaelic

Religions: Church of Scotland, Roman Catholic, Scottish Episcopal Church, Baptist.

Scotland is the most northern of the countries that constitute the UK. It occupies an area of 78.8 thousand sq. km. It means that Scotland takes up one third of the territory of the British Isles, its population is not very big. It is the most northern part of the island of GB and is not far away from the Arctic Circle. That’s why it is not densely populated: its population is a little over 5 million people. The Cheviot Hills mark the boundary between England and Scotland. Apart from this land link with England, Scotland is surrounded by sea.

Scotland includes the Hebrides off the west coast, and the Orkney and Shetland Islands off the north coast. It is bounded by the North Sea in the east.

Scotland is divided into three regions: the Highlands, which is the most northern and the most under populated area with a harsh climate, the Lowlands, which is the most industrial region, with about three quarters of the population, and the Southern Uplands, with hills, which border on England. The Highlands of Scotland are among the oldest mountains in the world. They reach their highest point in Ben Nevis (1343m). Many valleys between the hills are filled with lakes, called lochs. The best-known is Loch Ness where some people think a large monster lives. The most important city here is Aberdeen which is the oil centre of Scotland. Ships and helicopters travel from Aberdeen to the North Sea oil rigs. Work on an oil rig is difficult and dangerous.

Most of the population of Scotland is concentrated in the Lowlands. The Lowlands are the cradle of the Scottish nation. Here, on the Clyde, is Glasgow, Scotland’s biggest city. Shipbuilding is one of its most important industries; other industries are iron and steel, heavy and light engineering and coal-mining.

Scotland had been an independent state and was joined into the UK in 1707, after a long struggle for its independence. One of the things that people associate with Scotland is the kilt. The kilt is a relic of the time when the clan system existed in the Highlands. Everybody in the clan had the same family name, like MacDonald or MacGregor (Mac means ‘son of’). The clan had its own territory and was ruled by a chieftain. Each clan had its own tartan.

Edinburgh has been the capital since the 15^th century, when its fortified castle was the centre of Scotland’s resistance to its enemies. Edinburgh is the cultural centre of Scotland. It is associated with the names of George Gordon Byron and Walter Scott, Robert Louis Stevenson, Robert Burns and Arthur Conan Doyle, creator of Sherlock Holmes. It is also associated with the world-famous Edinburgh Festival of Music and Drama. The festival was first held in 1947 and has been held annually ever since. Its emblem is a thistle.

WALES

Status: Part of United Kingdom

First Secretary: Rhodri Morgan (2000)

Land area: 8,019 sq mi (20,768 sq km)

Population (1993 est.): 2,906,500

Capital and largest city (2003 est.): Cardiff, 676,400 (metro. area), 280,800 (city proper)

Monetary unit: British pound sterling (£)

Languages: English, Welsh

Religions: Calvinistic Methodist, Church of Wales, Roman Catholic

Wales is a peninsula washed by the sea on three sides: the Bristol Channel in the south, the St. George’s Channel in the west, and the Irish Sea in the north. Its territory is 20,8 thousand sq. km. Geographically Wales may be considered part of highland Britain, the Cumbrian Mountains occupying most of the land. It is an area of high mountains, deep valleys, waterfalls and lakes.

Atlantic Ocean. The valleys are sheltered by the high mountains from cold east winds. The climate is rather mild. Wales has never been densely populated. The Welsh have kept their own language, but English is spoken in town as well.

The chief economic activities of Wales include agriculture, manufacturing, and tourism and other service industries. The economy is largely integrated into that of the United Kingdom. About 80 percent of the land Wales is used for agricultural purposes. In general the raising of livestock, mainly beef and dairy cattle and sheep, is more important than crop cultivation. Crops include barley, oats, potatoes, and hay. Forests cover about 12 percent of the land, and government reforestation programs are gradually increasing the area. The fishing industry is concentrated along the Bristol Channel.

Wales is home to a diverse manufacturing sector. The refining of metal ore, much of which is imported, has long been a major industry. Almost all tin plate and much of the aluminum of the sheet steel produced in Britain are made in Welsh plants. Since the 1940s many new industries have been established. These include oil automotive parts. And other high-technology manufactures has expanded. Milford Haven, in southwestern Wales, is a major petroleum-importing port and refining center.

Mining, once a mainstay of the economy, is no longer a major source of revenue or employment in Wales. The rich coal fields and iron or deposits of southern Wales helped fuel Britain’s Industrial Revolution. By the 1980s falling domestic demand and declining competitiveness in international markers forced most coal pits still operating in Wales to close. Welsh mines also produce limestone and slate.

NORTHERN IRELAND

Status: Part of United Kingdom

Languages: English, Irish (Gaelic) (both official)

Ethnicity/race: Celtic, English

Religions: Roman Catholic 88%, Church of Ireland 3%, other Christian 2%, none 4%

Literacy rate: 98% (1981 est.)

Land area: 5,452 sq mi (14,121 sq km)

Population (1998 est.): 1,688,600

Capital and largest city (2003 est.): Belfast, 484,800 (metro. area), 246,200 (city proper)

Other large cities: Cork, 193,400; Limerick, 84,900; Galway, 67,200

Monetary unit: British pound sterling (£)

Northern Ireland occupies the north-eastern part of Ireland, which is separated from the island of Great Britain by the North Channel. In the south-west Northern Ireland borders on the Irish Republic.

Almost all the area of Northern Ireland is a plain of volcanic origin, deepening in the centre to from the largest lake of the British Isles, Lough Neagh.

Northern Ireland has a typical oceanic climate with mild damp winters and cold rainy summers. Forests are rather scarce, moors and meadows prevail. The north of Ireland was heavily forested and lightly populated until the 17^th century, when it began to be farmed more intensively. Farms were small and incomes were supplemented by domestic production of linen. In the 19^th century Belfast and the surrounding area became a world leader in the factory production of linen. Developments in shipbuilding and engineering followed, and industrial enterprises expanded in the period from 1850 to 1914. These heavy industries fared badly after World War 1 (1914-1918) and never fully recovered. Linen and shipbuilding are now small concerns.

The economy suffered considerably as a result of the post – 1969 political violence. Since the 1950s Northern Ireland has been the poorest region of the United Kingdom. The economy has revived in recent year as major British retailing chains have moved into the province, and the tourism industry has begun to achieve its full potential. Most of Northern Ireland’s import and export trade is with Great Britain. The Republic of Ireland is the next most important trading partner.

Most farms in Northern Ireland are small. Historically they began as tenant farms owned by the landlords of large estates. By the 1920s most were owned by the farmers who worked them. Agriculture in Northern Ireland largely revolves around livestock production – cattle, pigs, sheep, and poultry are main animals raised. Barley is the most important crop, followed by potatoes and oats. Although 20 percent of Ulster was still virgin forest in 1600, these forests had all but disappeared by 1700. Reforestation projects were not pursued until after 1945.

Control questions:

1. Which four parts is the UK historically divided into?

2. Where is the port of London situated? What makes its position convenient?

3. Which three regions can the territory of Scotland be divided into?

4. What part of Scotland can be called the cradle of the Scottish nation?

5. How do you explain the fact that there is a lot of rainfall in Wales?

6. What language is spoken in Wales?

7. Where is the Northern Ireland situated? What country does it situated on?

8. What do people grow on their farms?

Lecture. Theme: National Economy and Chief Industries of the UK.

Plan: 1.Economy

2. Industrial Revolution

3. The years of self-confidence

4. Changes in the life of people

The aim of the lecture: To get acquainted with National Economy and Chief Industries of the UK.

Key words:

Newcastle ['nju:kа:sl] – Ньюкасл

Cardiff ['kа:dif] -Кардифф

Bristol [bristl] -Бристоль

Birmingham ['bә:miŋәm] - Бирмингем

Coventry ['k ɔvәntri] - Ковентри

Sheffield ['∫efi:ld] -Шеффилд

Belfast ['bеlfa:st] - Белфаст

enclosure- огораживание

peasant – крестьянин

spinner – прядильщик

weaver – ткач

enterprise – предприятие

remnants – остаток

Luddites –

limestone - известняковый

The content of the lecture: ECONOMY

Wool and Cloth making Industry. Many landown­ers found that they could make more money from breeding sheep than from growing crops. They could sell the wool for a good price to the rapidly growing cloth making industry. They needed more land for the sheep to graze, so they fenced off land that had always belonged to the whole villageThis process of fencing off common land is known as enclosures. Enclosures were often carried out against the law, but because magistrates were themselves land- lords, few peasants could not prevent it. As a result, many poor people lost the land which they had farmed, as well as the common land where they kept animals.

The production of cloth, the most important of England's products, reached its greatest importance during the 16^th century. Clothmakers bought raw wool and gave it to spinners. The spinners were mostly women and children, who worked in their poor cot­tages for very little payment. After the spinners the wool was passed to weavers. When the cloth was ready, it was sold.

Coal and Steel. In the 16^th century people learned to burn coal in stoves instead of wood. Coal gave greater heat when burning. By using coal instead of wood fires, people were able to produce greatly im­proved steel. Improved steel was used to make knives and forks, clocks, watches, nails and pins. Birming­ham, by using coal fires to make steel, grew in the 16^th century from a village into an important industrial city.

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