1. The Chairman Your task is to prepare the opening address and the final summary with conclusions. You are to introduce the guests, to give their background, to ask them additional questions and to appeal to the audience asking to comment on this or that issue. Here is some background information for you:
Pollution has accompanied mankind ever since groups of people first congregated and remained for a long time in one place. With the establishment of permanent human settlements by great numbers of people pollution became a problem and has remained one ever since. Cities of ancient times were often noxious places, fouled by human wastes and debris. In the Middle Ages, unsanitary urban conditions favoured the outbreak of population-decimating epidemics. During the 19th century, water and air pollution and the accumulation of solid wastes were largely the problems of only a few large cities. But, with the rise of advanced technology and with the rapid spread of industrialization and the concomitant increase in human population to unprecedented levels, pollution has become a universal problem.
2. A photojournalist has produced a book of photos to make people concerned about what is happening to the planet. As a journalist she/he is trying to bring the adverse effects of man’s economic activity to the limelight. Thinks that mass media should take an active part in the fight against pollution and for nature conservation. Accurate information on environmental conditions should be released to the public. The journalist also attacks multinational industries for being preoccupied solely with making profit at the expense of the environment and people’s lives. Thinks that international cooperation could and should considerably contribute to the solution to the problems pertaining to environmental protection.
3. A promising specialist in the oil refinery processes, a director of a giant industrial enterprise speaks about the largest cleanup operation in history launched by his enterprise in Prince William Sound, the UK, after 100 gallons of oil had poured out into the clear blue water. He/She is convinced that the intensive development of science and industry is fraught with dire consequences which cannot be avoided, BUT the effect of which can be lessened. Believes that oil exploration should be encouraged with the objective of maximazing economic production for the future. His/Her primary goal is, therefore, oil production. Environmental protection comes second. Being responsible for what you do and being a god capable of making up for all the harm to the environment are two different things.
4. A leading specialist in the field of aircraft engineering industry thinks that people benefit from the advanced technology: new materials have been invented, new industrial technologies have been introduced, and they help to improve our daily lives. The 21st century belongs to absolute reason. Agrees that the threat of a disruption of in the oxygen balance has arisen through the destruction of the ozone shield in the lower stratosphere as a result of the flights of supersonic aircraft, but thinks that people should take all the ill-effects of industrialization for granted as the advantages in the long run outweigh the disadvantages.
5. A health official expounds upon the ominous effects of hazardous waste and illegal waste disposal practices on people. The health official’s immediate concern is the potential effect of waste products on ground waters and human health. To eliminate this problem two other issues underlying the hazardous waste problem should be resolved. One of them is what to do with the enormous amounts of waste produced each year. For the wastes that cannot be broken down landfills are the cheapest option, but they have a lot of disadvantages, the most noteworthy being inevitable leaks. Problem №2 is, therefore, how to deal with leaking waste disposal sites contaminating the environment. One more point that is usually suppressed is that of a financial compensation to the victims of improper hazardous waste disposal practices.
6. A specialist on afforestation believes that by AD 2020 we will have destroyed natural environment because of the sprawl of large cities, reduction of open spaces, extermination of wildlife. Plants are the basis of our life on Earth. Yet now wild plants are being destroyed on a scale never known before by pollution, neglect and wanton habitat destruction. He/she thinks that unrestricted urbanization and deforestation will let man down posing a danger to his health, choking him with pollutants. For this reason urgent steps should be taken by mankind to rescue the Earth and its inhabitants from a foreseeable disaster.
7. A science-fiction writer tries to warn people against the threat presented to natural environment by the by-products of industrial development. Says that science progress has reached such a level of development that it endangers all living matter: plants, animals and people. Overall advances in technology have accelerated the global impact of mankind on the environment. In its turn, all this exerts a substantial adverse influence on the health of individuals, including pathological changes in heredity and genetically determined forms of vulnerability to serious chronic diseases. A comprehensive survival programme should be worked out by specialists engaged in various spheres of science and economy.
8. A campaigner against extermination of wildlife stresses that we have already upset the precarious balance between the living and non-living components of the ecosphere thus having jeopardized the environment (points to mention: a) destruction of animal habitats and particularly unprecedented killing of animals for economic, scientific and individual purposes and b) removal and destruction of plants and trees). All the mentioned problems must be a global imperative for environmental protection today. Man owes much to Nature and should preserve its reserves. We should be environment-conscious to foresee the ill-effects of unrestricted industrialization and urbanization. Besides economic gains there should be moral obligations that any environment-conscious person should observe. Therefore, a rational and balanced approach to the consumption of what nature has in store for us should be adhered to.
9. A teacher is genuinely concerned about the ecological education and upbringing. It is very important to make people environment-educated at an early age to reduce the damage inflicted to the environment. Carefully organized ecological education introduced to a school curriculum is sure to raise people’s awareness of the existing problems. School should teach young people that not uncontrolled interference in nature but the optimization of the interaction between society and nature ensures social and economic progress of mankind. What is more, alongside with the family, school should cultivate in youngsters love of nature and understanding that they are the caretakers of the Earth. School is responsible for showing the young generation the ways in which they can contribute to both local and global environmental security. But school alone can’t achieve all these objectives.
10. A lawyer points out the well-rooted tendency to breach laws on nature protection. We should do away with the stereotype of freedom which is close to anarchy when it comes to environmental issues. She/He sees environmental problems as a global imperative for working out a rational conservation programme which would find its reflection in a wide set of national laws imposing a number of duties and obligations on local authorities and on individuals too. The practical results of the state policy should include control of water and air pollution by forcing enterprises to install anti-pollution equipment, control over illegal waste disposal practices, and stimulating the disposal of garbage (litter) in designated areas. Thinks it reasonable to impose a ubiquitous ban on extensive use of agrochemicals and on disfiguring the natural landscape.
Section 5: Vocabulary
OBLIGATORY VOCABULARY
EARTH AND HUMANITY
| impact tremendous uncontrolled harmful ecological irreversible adverse environmental | species main depleted valuable individual plant and animal | consequences ecological adverse various irreversible |
| pollution cosmic water atmospheric chemical environmental radioactive industrial | exploration intensive current purposeful essential outer space careful planned | environment safe natural thermal ecological social |
| depletion biological massive soil natural resources | effect adverse possible disastrous biological environmental | healthy air climate generation environment |
| pollutant air toxic water gaseous dangerous | problem key global vital insoluble complicated | to ensure clear environment economic progress technological progress high people’s living standards |
| to preserve peace healthy environment ecological balance the sky, land and water clean long-term plan cooperation | conservation soil forest environment groundwater water resources renew forests the supplies of coal resources | the protection of nature plants labour environment animal kingdom |
Flowers and Plants
анютины глазки (виола) - pansy
астра - aster
гвоздика - pink
георгины - dahlia
гиацинты - hyacinth
гладиолус - gladiolus (pl. gladioli)
ирис - iris
лилия - lily
кувшинка - water-lily
фиалка - violet
ландыш - lily-of-the-valley
мак - poppy
маргаритка - daisy
нарцисс - daffodil
пион - peony
тюльпан - tulip
колокольчик - bluebell
ромашка - camomile
вереск - heather
зверобой - St. John's wort
клевер - clover
одуванчик - dandelion
мать-и-мачеха - coltsfoot
иван-да-марья - heart's ease, cow-wheat
толокнянка (медвежье ушко) - bearberry
лопух - burdock
ноготки (календула) - marigold
подорожник - plantain
полынь - wormwood
калина - guelder rose, snowball tree
крапива - stinging nettle
глухая крапива - dead nettle
мята перечная - pepper mint
шиповник - dogrose, briar rose, wild briar
шалфей – sage
тычинка - stamen
побег - shoot (sprout)
колючка - prickle
цветоножка - flower-stem, scape
лепесток - petal
завязь - ovary
опыление - pollination
скрещивание - crossing, interbreeding
стебель - stalk
отросток - side-shoot (offshoot)
чашелистик - sepal
пыльца - pollen
декоративные кустарники - ornamental shrubs
луговые цветы - meadow flowers
придорожные цветы - wayside flowers
соцветия - inflorescences
комнатные цветы / растения - window flowers / indoor plants
декоративные цветы - ornamental flowers
Berries
черника - bilberry, whortleberry
голубика - great bilberry, bog whortleberry
брусника - red whortleberry
ежевика - bramble, blackberry
земляника - wild strawberry
малина - raspberry
крыжовник - gooseberry
смородина черная - black currants
смородина красная - red currants
рябина - ashberry
бузина - elderberry
Birds
аист – stork
ворон - raven
ворона – crow
воробей – sparrow
голубь – pigeon, dove
грач – rook
гриф – vulture
дятел – woodpecker
жаворонок – lark
журавль – crane
иволга – oriole
кулик – sandpiper
коршун – kite
куропатка серая – partridge
куропатка белая – willow grouse
ласточка – swallow
малиновка – robin (redbreast)
павлин – peacock
пеликан – pelican
перепел – quail
сокол – falcon
сорока – magpie
соловей – nightingale
синица – tit, titmouse
снегирь – bullfinch
фазан – pheasant
филин – eagle owl
цапля – heron
чиж - siskin
ястреб – hawk
гребень – crest, comb
клюв – beak, bill
оперение – feathering, plumage
стая птиц – a flock/flight of birds
токовать – to utter the mating call
ток – a mating-place
гогот гусей – cackle of geese
упорхнуть – to flit away
хищная птица – bird of prey
певчая птица – songbird
птенец – nestling, fledgling
откладывать яйца – to lay eggs
вить гнездо – to build a nest
Trees
береза - birch
клен - maple
ива – willow (Br), osier (Am)
каштан – chestnut (tree)
дуб – oak; желудь – acorn
сосна – pine; сосновая шишка – pinecone / pine cone
ель – fir, spruce fir; еловая шишка – fir cone
серебристая ель – silver fir
пихта – abies
вяз – elm(-tree)
тополь – poplar: white/silver poplar
липа – lime(-tree); linden
рябина – mountain ash; rowan-tree
орех – nut-tree
ясень – ash-tree
бук – beech
осина – aspen
туя – thuja
ольха – alder
лиственница - larch
deciduous trees - лиственные деревья, coniferous trees - хвойные деревья
the crown of the tree - крона дерева
top of the tree - верхушка дерева
bough – сук
branch – ветвь
bark (rind) - кора
trunk, stem – ствол
root – корень
twig – веточка, прут
stump, stub – пень; to stub – корчевать пни
log, block – бревно
leaf-bearing forest – лиственный лес
coniferous forest – хвойный лес
mixed forest – смешанный лес
grove – роща
thicket – чаща
glade, clearing – поляна
border/edge of a forest – опушка
shrub, bush – кустарник
Insects
beetle – жук; Colorado beetle; dung-beetle – жук-навозник; May-bug (=cockchafer)
locust – саранча
butterfly - бабочка
grasshopper – кузнечик
spider; cobweb – паутина
ant - муравей
scorpion - скорпион
a larva, a maggot, a grub - личинка
cockroach - таракан
moth – 1) моль; 2) мотылек
flea – блоха
plant-louse, aphis - тля
lady bird – божья коровка
praying mantis - богомол
dragonfly – стрекоза
mosquito, gnat – комар
caterpillar – гусеница
centipede – сороконожка
bee; queen bee – матка; honeycomb – медовый сот, соты; beehive – улей; swarm – рой; bee-garden (=apiary) - пасека
drone - трутень
wasp – оса
gadfly – овод
hornet - шершень
midge – мошка
swarm of midges - мошкара
Mammals:
marsupial mammals- сумчатые
(gray) kangaroo
common opossum
koala
opossum mole
insectivores (insect-eating mammals)- насекомоядные:
mole – крот
hedgehog – еж
shrew – землеройка (= shrew mouse)
rodents – грызуны:
guinea pig – морская свинка
porscupine – дикобраз
beaver – бобр
jerboa – тушканчик
hamster – хомяк
water vole – водяная полевка
marmot – сурок
squirrel – белка
chipmunk – бурундук
vole – полевка
gopher – суслик; мешотчатая крыса
porcupine - дикобраз
ungulates - копытные :
1) odd-toed ungulates – непарнокопытные:
horse
tapir – тапир
rhinoceros – носорог
African black rhino
2) even-toed ungulates -парнокопытные:
swine
camel
deer
3) elephants
tusk – клык, бивень
trunk - хобот
ruminants – жвачные
Bactrian camel (two-humped camel) – двугорбый верблюд
hippopotamus
elk – лось
giraffe
goat (rock goat)
antelope
deer
chamois – серна
bison
сarnivores (beasts of prey) – плотоядные
The order includes the following families of living mammals:
1) Canidae (dogs, wolves, jackals, and foxes)
2) Ursidae (bears: brown bear, polar bear = white bear, grizzly bear, panda)
3) Procyonidae (raccoons – семейство енотовых)
4) Mustelidae (skunk - скунс, mink - норка, weasel - ласка, badger - барсук, otter - выдра)
5) Viverridae (mongooses)
6) Hyaenidae (hyenas)
7) Felidae (cats: lion (lion’s mane – грива), tiger, leopard, cheetah = hunting leopard - гепард, lynx – рысь, jaguar)
8) Otariidae and Phocidae (seals – семейство тюленьих (eared and earless seals): fur seal = sea bear; common seal = sea calf)
9) Odobenidae (walrus)
paw – лапа
claw – коготь
fang - клык
Primates
chimpanzee
gorilla
orangutan, orang-outang
baboon – бабуин
marmoset - мартышка
macaque – макака
Reptiles
1) snakes:
cobra
rattle snake – гремучая змея
boa – удав
python – питон
asp, adder, viper – гадюка
2) turtles
3) lizards
4) crocodiles and alligators,
5) tuatara - a greenish-grey lizard-like rhynchocephalian reptile, Sphenodon punctatus, occurring only on certain small islands near New Zealand: it is the sole surviving member of a group common in Mesozoic times. гаттерия, туатара
6) a great many extinct types such as dinosaurs
Amphibia
1) frogs and toads
2) salamanders and newts - тритоны
3) apoda/caecilians – безногие
Fish. Sea and River Animals
crucian – карась
gudgeon – пескарь
carp – карп
ruff – ерш
perch – окунь
herring – сельдь
pike – щука
sardine – сардина
tuna – тунец
salmon – лосось
catfish – сом
sterlet – стерлядь
flat-fish, flounder – камбала
trout – форель
cod (pl. cod) – треска
eel - угорь
school/shoal of fish – стая рыб
fin, flipper – плавник
abdominal/pelvic fin – брюшной плавник
pectoral/thoracic fin – грудной плавник
dorsal fin – спинной плавник
caudal fin – хвостовой плавник
gill – жабры
scales – чешуя
barbel – ус (у рыбы)
roe, spawn – икра
to spawn – метать икру
spawning – нерест
tadpole – головастик
Crustacea (= shellfish) - ракообразные
crawfish, crayfish – рак
walrus, morse – морж
octopus – осьминог; tentacle – щупальце осьминога
medusa; tentacle – щупальце; umbrella - зонтик
mollusc
seal – тюлень
fur seal – морской котик
dolphin
oyster – устрица
starfish – морская звезда
stingray – скат
shark (e.g. blue shark)
How do they “speak”?
twittering, chirping - чириканье
to hoot - ухать (of owls)
to croak - квакать
horses neigh – лошади ржут
horses snort – лошади храпят
pigs grunt – свиньи хрюкают
cows moo
donkeys bray – ослы ревут
calves bleat – телята мычат
dogs bark
dogs whine
dogs howl
cats miaow/meow/mew
cats purr
hens cackle – куры кудахчут
cocks crow – петухи кукарекают
chicks cheep – цыплята пищат
geese honk – гуси гогочут
ducks quack – утки крякают
frogs croak – лягушки квакают
pigeons coo – голуби воркуют
birds twitter/chirp – птицы чирикают/щебечут
bees buzz/hum пчелы жужжат
mice squeak – мыши пищат
owls hoot – совы ухают
to shed hair, to cast the coat - линять (о животных)
to moult, to cast / to shed feathers - (о птицах)
to slough - (о змее)
skin - шкура
hair - шерсть
to butt - бодаться
to calve – телиться
to foal – жеребиться
to pup – щениться
to kitten – котиться (о кошках, овцах, кроликах)
to hibernate - зимовать
crossing, interbreeding - скрещивание
national park, reserve, reservation - заповедник
reproduction - размножение
- sexual reproduction
- asexual reproduction
- reproduction by gemmation
Where Do They Live?
берлога – den, lair
гнездо – nest, eyrie – орлиное гнездо
голубятня – dovecot(e), pigeon loft
гусятник – goose-pen, goose-run
овчарня – sheep-fold
конура – kennel
муравейник – ant-hill
курятник – hen-house, hencoop
телятник – calf-house
коровник – cow-shed
свинарник (хлев) – pigsty
улей – beehive
Mushrooms
волнушка – coral milky cap
груздь – milk-agaric
лисичка – chanterelle
мухомор – fly-agaric
масленок – butter mushroom
опенок – honey agaric
подберезовик – brown mushroom
сморчок – morel
шампиньон – field mushroom
грибница – mushroom spawn
съедобные грибы – edible fungi
несъедобные грибы (поганки) – toadstools
Rivers
устье (реки) - mouth
исток - headstream
приток - tributary
слияние – confluence
ручей – brook
ADDITIONAL VOCABULARY
Environmental Issues
biodegradable adjective
biodegradable substances can be separated into very small parts by bacteria so that they are not harmful to the environment
biohazard noun
something that may cause harm to people or to the environment, especially a poisonous chemical or an infectious disease
biological control noun
biology a method of reducing the number of harmful insects by using other insects or small animals that feed on them
the carbon cycle noun
biology the movement of carbon between living things and their environment. carbon dioxide is taken from the atmosphere and used by plants. It then moves from plants eaten as food to animals, and is returned to the atmosphere by the respiration of plants and animals and by the burning of plant material.
carbon-neutral adjective
a carbon-neutral activity, company etc balances the amount of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide it produces with actions that are designed to protect the environment, for example planting trees or using less electricity
carbon sink noun
an ocean, forest, or other area of vegetation plants and trees that helps to protect the environment by taking in large amounts of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere
carbon trading noun
a system that allows a company or country that reduces the amount of carbon dioxide it produces to below a particular level to sell the extra reduction as a credit to a company or country that has not reduced the amount it produces enough
catalytic converter noun
a piece of equipment fitted to a car in order to reduce the amount of poisonous gases that it sends into the air
clean adjective
clean machines and processes do not create a lot of pollution
Clean up
to remove pollution from a place or an industrial process
cleanly adverb
without creating a lot of mess or pollution
clean-up noun
the process of removing pollution or waste from a place or an industrial process
climate change noun
the changes that are thought to be affecting the world’s weather so that it is becoming warmer
conservation noun
the management of land and water in ways that prevent it from being damaged or destroyed
conservation noun
the careful use of energy, water, and other resources, so that they are not wasted or lost
conservation area noun
an area of land that is protected from being damaged
conserve verb
to prevent land, water, or other natural resources from being damaged or destroyed
conserve verb
to use very little of something such as electricity or water so that it is not wasted
contaminate verb
to make something dirty, polluted, or poisonous by adding a chemical, waste, or infection
contaminated adjective
made dirty, polluted, or poisonous by the addition of a chemical, waste, or infection
deforestation noun
the process of removing the trees from an area of land
eco- prefix
relating to the environment used with some nouns and adjectives
eco-friendly adjective
designed to cause as little harm as possible to the environment
ecological adjective
working to protect the environment
ecoterrorist noun
someone who tries to stop or damage organizations that cause harm to the environment
ecotourism noun
tourism the business of creating and selling holidays that give people the chance to learn about a natural environment, and cause as little damage to the environment as possible
endangered species noun
a type of animal or plant that may soon become extinct disappear from the world
environmental adjective
relating to the natural world and the effect that human activity has on it
environmental adjective
intended to help or protect the environment
environmental accounting noun
business a way of calculating the cost of a business decision that includes all its good and bad effects on, for example, the environment and people’s health, as well as the direct costs
environmentally adverb
in a way that affects the environment or is related to it
environmentally friendly adjective
designed not to harm the natural environment
environmentally sensitive area noun
an area where the natural environment can easily be harmed
global warming noun
the slow increase in the temperature of the Earth caused partly by the greenhouse effect increasing the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
green adjective
used about places in which the environment is protected
green adjective
designed to protect the environment or to limit damage to the environment
green adjective
green issues are issues that affect the environment
green audit noun
business an examination of what a company is doing to prevent its business activities from harming the environment
green belt noun
an area of land around large cities where no buildings are allowed in order to protect the countryside
the greenhouse effect noun
the process in which heat is unable to escape from the atmosphere and causes the temperature of the Earth to rise The rise in temperature is called global warming.
greening noun
the process of taking a greater interest in environmental issues and acting to protect the environment
greenly adverb
in a way that does not harm the environment
greenwash noun
showing disapproval activities by a business or other organization that are intended to show that the organization is concerned about the environment
Naturalise
a British spelling of naturalize
naturalize verb
to encourage plants to grow or animals to live in an area where they are not usually found
nature reserve noun
an area of land that is protected so that people cannot harm the animals and plants that live there
the nitrogen cycle noun
biology the series of processes by which nitrogen in the atmosphere is changed into nitrogen compounds in soil from and taken in by plants. These compounds spread into the atmosphere when the plants decay or are eaten by animals and are passed from their bodies as waste. They are then changed back into nitrogen in the atmosphere.
non-renewable adjective
non-renewable types of energy exist in limited amounts, and when these are all used there will be none left
ozone-friendly adjective
chemicals that are ozone-friendly do not cause pollution that damages the ozone layer
poison verb
to create pollution that damages part of the environment
pollute verb
to make air, water, or land too dirty and dangerous for people to use in a safe way
polluter noun
a person or company responsible for causing pollution
pollution noun
the process of damaging the air, water, or land with chemicals or other substances
preservation noun
the process of working to protect something valuable so that it is not damaged or destroyed
preservation noun
involved in preservation
preserve verb
to take care of a place or building in order to prevent it from being harmed or destroyed
protected adjective
used about animals, plants, and other things that the law prevents people from harming
rainforest noun
a forest in a tropical region of the world where it rains a lot. Rainforests are considered to be important environmental areas and many people want them to be protected by law
reclaim verb
to improve an area of land so that it can be used
recyclable adjective
able to be recycled
recycle verb
to change waste materials such as newspapers and bottles so that they can be used again
recycling noun
the process of changing waste materials such as newspapers and bottles so that they can be used again
reforestation noun
the act of putting new trees into a place where the original trees have been cut down
reintroduce verb
to return a type of animal or plant to an area where it lived in the past so that it can continue to develop there
release verb
science to let a substance or energy spread into the area or atmosphere around it, especially as part of a chemical reaction
release noun
a situation in which something such as a chemical is spread into the area or atmosphere around it
renewable adjective
renewable energy and natural materials replace themselves by natural processes, so that they are never completely used up
reprocess verb
to process a waste substance so that it can be used again
reserve noun
British an area of land where wild animals or plants are officially protected
sanctuary noun
a special area where animals live in a natural environment protected from people
smog noun
polluted air that is a mixture of smoke and fog
sustainable adjective
using methods that do not harm the environment
sustainable development noun
economics the development of a country or region that does not use more natural resources than can be replaced and so does not harm the environment
toxic adjective
poisonous and harmful to people, animals, or the environment
unleaded adjective
unleaded petrol does not contain lead and is therefore less harmful to people and to the environment
unsustainable adjective
unsustainable farming methods, industries etc damage the environment because they use up more energy, wood, coal etc than can be replaced naturally
the water cycle noun
the continuous process by which water in seas, rivers, soil, living things etc evaporates into the atmosphere, where it forms clouds that produce rain or snow so that it goes back into the seas, rivers, soil etc again
contamination noun
ecoterrorism noun
ecotourist noun
environmentalism noun
naturalization noun
reclamation noun
sustainability noun
toxicity noun
Pollutants
acid rain noun
rain containing a high level of acid that can damage the environment It is caused by pollution in the air.
carbon dioxide noun
chemistry a gas without colour or smell, produced when you breathe out or when substances containing carbon are burnt. The fact that the earth is getting hotter because of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is called the greenhouse effect.
carbon emissions noun
carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide in the atmosphere, produced by vehicles and industrial processes
CFC noun
chemistry chlorofluorocarbon: a gas used in fridges and in some aerosol containers. CFCs are not often used any more because they damage the ozone layer of the Earth’s atmosphere.
chlorofluorocarbon noun
chemistry a cfc
contaminant noun
formal a substance that makes something dirty, polluted, or poisonous
effluent noun
liquid waste such as sewage human waste or waste from a factory
emission noun
a substance, especially a gas, that goes into the air
exhaust noun
gases or steam produced by an engine as it works
fluorocarbon noun
chemistry a chemical that is thought to damage the ozone layer of the Earth’s atmosphere
fly-tipping noun
British the activity of leaving waste material in a place where it is not allowed
greenhouse gas noun
a gas that stops heat from escaping from the atmosphere and causes the greenhouse effect Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas.
noise pollution noun
dangerous or annoying levels of noise
oil slick noun
a layer of oil floating on the sea or on a lake
particulates noun
science extremely small particles of a substance or substances, especially those that cause air pollution
pollutant noun
a substance that is harmful to the environment
pollution noun
chemicals and other substances that have a harmful effect on air, water, or land
runoff noun
science a flow of water or chemicals from one place to another, especially when this damages the environment
smokestack industry noun
an industry involved in making things in factories using big machines and processes that produce a lot of pollution
sulphur dioxide noun
chemistry a poisonous gas with a strong smell, used in industry and often a cause of air pollution
toxic waste noun
industrial or chemical waste products that are harmful to the environment
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