Sheep production (flock)

V Two types of production

Ø High output/ high cost (C.R.)

Ø Low output/ low cost- N.Z. [5000- 6000 l]

Economics ->

Yield/Cow – Price/Litre

1) Quality- % fat, not < 3,5% (feeding, disease)

- % protein

2) Demand- currency (7-10 kc/l)

3) Contract- who supplying (12 month notice)

4) Volume Bonus

5) Antibiotics

6) Temperature

7) Clean – Total Bacterial Count

8) Cell Count – Somatic Cell count

9) Every other day collection

v Fixed Assets

1. Land

2. Machinery

3. Buildings

4. Breeding Livestock

5. Milk quota

6. Entitlements

v Current Assets

1. Stocks- fertilizer, sprays, seed fuel

2. Debtors

3. Non breeding livestock

4. Growing crops

5. Cash

v Fixed liabilities

1.Loans

2.Mortgage

v Current liabilities

1.Creditor

2. Bank overdraft

· Profit loss Account

· Output-costs= profit

· Profit

· Tax, private costs, loan repayments, increasing farm size, animal numbers

v Depreciation. Fall in value of machinery

1. Machinery last longer

2. Good maintenance

3. Shop around for new equipment

4. New technology

5. Currency 2300 Kc/Ha

6. Price old machinery 3300 Kc/Ha

7. Tax

v Price of wheat

1. World supply/demand

2. Quality-> kiloweight

3. Variety

4. Time of selling

v Fertilizer Price

1. Group buying

2. Shop around

3. Quantity discount

4. Supply demand

5. Quality

6. Time of purchase

7. Currency

v Yield of wheat:

1. Machinery that works

2. Storage losses

3. Agronomy

4. Nutrition x when?

5. Diseases

6. Insects/pests

7. Variety

8. Seedbed

9. Rotation

10. Time of sowing – September or March…

11. Time of harvest

12. Drainage

13. Compaction

14. pH

15. Timeleness

16. Lodging

Calf

Beef production mainly.

Price

1. Male or Female - males grow faster, more profitable

2. Breed – Limousin ⤒

Belgian blue⤒

Halfstein ⤓ (for milk production)

3. Calves are sold after 7-10 days from their birth

Colostrum – contains antibodies. If a cow does not have them enough it would be always sick

Usual breeding: 60% Halfstein 40% Beef (If to have the same number)

Who buy?

1. Farmers producing Beefs

2. Export

Cull cows

1.Age

2. Disease – Mastits

3. Low Yielding

4. Difficult to milk

5. Injury

6. Replacement

(Healthy Heifer – 45000 CZK, Cull cow – 18000 CZK)

Mad cow disease

1. Weight

2. Conformation (Shape of body)

Replacement Rate

Number sold+Died/Average num.in Herd*100

Ideally should be not more then 23-25%

Death 1-2% not more.

Cause:

1. Wire

2. Splits

3. Calving

4. Heart attack

5. Disease

Feed Rate

Feed used (KG)/Litres of milk * 100

1. Yield/cow

2. Quantity of forage

3. Price of Concentrates (Energy and Protein)

4. Acidosis

Price/Tone

1. G.m. or not (G.m.-genetically modified)

2. Organic

3. World price of grain (wheat, soya 7500 -15000 Kc/t)

4. Energy in Ration (feed)

5. Group buying

6. Shop around

7. Load size

8. Payment (if pay in advance>have a discount)

Stocking Rate

How many Ha?

Livestock units / cow equipment

1 cow = 1 L.U.

1 ewe = 0.2 L.U.

1 bulling heifer = 0.7 L.U.

Opportunity cost or Land

Limiting Factor

1. Soil factor

2. Excessive silage waste

3. Too much silage

4. Low silage yields (Maize – 45-50t/ha, Lucerne -40t/ha, Grass-45t/ha)

Veterinary/Medicine

1. How often – regular visits

2. Drugs for cows

3. Night visits

4. Rate/hour -3000Kc/hour + travel

5. Pay on time

6. Check account

S.D.I.???????

1. Artificial Insemination costs

2. Dairy Chemicals

3. Other Direct costs

Dairy Replacements

24-26 months to calve

Big enough

Served at 15 month old (350-400 kg)

Artificial insemination or Natural Service

Sexed semen - used particularly on the young Heifers\

Live weight Gain (how much they get weight every day, how they grow)

0.75kg/day

July – August – the price of the milk would be higher

Calve May – June

Serve January-February

So WHY???????

1. Genetics known

2. Disease

Why not?

1. Known calving date

2. Vaccination

3. Buy anywhere

4. Buildings/ Labour

Beef Production

Used for: Meet, leather, Gelatin

Feed conversion Ratio

Poultry 1,5:1

Pigs 2.5:1

Beef 5:1 – 7:1

1. Cereal/Barley Beef – fat by 12-15 months

1.1-1.3 kg/day

Breed – Halfstein (male) 1.5-1.75 t/year

2. 18-20 months beef –grow fast

- Size batches

3. Suckler beef – least intensive

- Poorer land

Calving %

Number of calves reared alive/ average number of cows severed *100

1). Health of cows – disease- feeding

2). Health of bull – infertile

- too fast

3).Correct Number – 30-40 cows/bull

4). Death of Calves (Unattended calving, Cold, Difficult calving)

Factors affecting C.W.G.

1. High enough feed quality

2. Disease – parasites (worms, lung worms, flat warms)

3. Breed

4. Sex (Bulls, steers)

5. Growth Hormones

6. Deaths (If > 0.5% => have problems)

Price of Beef

1. 60 Kc/Kg live weight

2. Supply and Demand

a. Less calves

b. Brazil, Argentina, U.S.A.

3. Feed

4. Quality (Grade – EUROP (E-best, P-worst)

a. Breed

b. Age

c. Carcass, conformation

d. Feeding regime

e. Male or female

f. % fat

Killing out

1) Breed

2) Sex

3) Feed Regime

4) Cross compliance

5) Passport

Sheep Production

Ewe - ovce

Ram – beran

Lamb – jehne

Wool

Flush – to feed the sheep better and better

Gestation – the length of pregnancy (5 months)

Systems

1. Early fat lamb (Febr. – to sell on easter)

2. Traditional fat lamb (Apr/May – to sell on June/September)

3. State lamb fattening (August)

4. Hill sheep (lamb April/June – sell stores July-August)

Wool

Australia – 1 of the biggest producers

Merino – sheep race

Wool is called fleece

Lambs

Australia, New Zeeland, U.K.

Price

1. Breed

2. Sex

3. Supply and Demand

4. Price 50kc/kg – 65-40

5.

Dec

Jan

Time of the year

Lambing %

Num. of lambs sold/num of ewes to ram*100

1. Breed

2. Flushing

3. Rams fertility

4. Breed of Ram

5. Disease – blue tongue

Schallenburg – virus

6. Theft

7. Dogs

8. Time of year

Sheep production (flock)

Stockman ship – shepherd

Age of ewe not > 6 years

Current number of Rams – 40 ewes/ram

Under fed

Bonus

Scanned – twin lambs

Disease

% of Deaths

Дата добавления: 2015-10-24