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MONEY Magazine and Salary.com researched hundreds of jobs, considering their growth, pay, stress-levels and other factors. These careers ranked highest:
Software Engineer
College Professor
Financial Adviser
Human Resources Manager
Physician Assistant
Market Research Analyst
Computer IT Analyst
Real Estate Appraiser
Pharmacist
Psychologist
Software Engineer
Why it’s great: Software engineers are needed in virtually every part of the economy, making this one of the fastest-growing job titles in the U.S. Even so, it’s not for everybody.
Designing, developing and testing computer programs requires some pretty advanced math skills and creative problem-solving ability. If you’ve got them, though, you can work and live where you want: Telecommuting is quickly becoming widespread.
The profession is mostly young people the up-all-night-coding thing gets tired - but consulting and management positions aren’t hard to come by once you’re experienced.
What’s cool: Cutting-edge projects, like designing a new video game or tweaking that military laser. Extra cash from freelance gigs. Plus, nothing says cool like great prospects.
What’s not: Jobs at the biggest companies tend to be less creative (think Neo, pre-Matrix). Outsourcing is a worry. Eyestrain and back, hand and wrist problems are common.
Top-paying job: Release engineers, who are responsible for the final version of any software product, earn six figures.
Education: Bachelor’s degree, but moving up the ladder often requires a master’s.
College Professor
Why it’s great:
While competition for tenure-track jobs will always be stiff, enrollment is rising in professional programs, community colleges and technical schools -which means higher demand for faculty.
It’s easier to break in at this level, and often you can teach with a
master’s and professional experience. Demand is especially strong in fields that compete with the private sector (health science and business, for example).
The category includes moonlighting adjuncts, graduate TAs (Teaching Assistants) and college administrators.
What’s cool: Professors have near-total flexibility in their schedules. Creative thinking is the coin of the realm. No dress code!
What’s not: The tick-tick-tick of the tenure clock; grading papers; salaries at the low end are indeed low.
Top-paying job: University presidents’ pay can hit $550,000 or more, but most make about half that.
Education: Master’s or professional degree; Ph.D. for most tenured jobs.
Financial Adviser
Why it’s great: Twenty years ago, no one ever said, “I want to be a financial adviser when I grow up.” Now there are nearly 300 college programs for financial planning, and M.B.A.s, lawyers and accountants are jumping to this lucrative but more people-friendly profession. As company pensions die out and Americans increasingly have to manage their own retirement savings, financial planning is no longer just for the rich. And with Gen X-ers entering their peak earning years and boomers nearing retirement, business will get better still.
What’s cool: If you have a knack for numbers and a way with people, you can use Wall Street skills without selling your soul. You can work for yourself, for a small shop or for a giant financial services firm.
What’s not: Compliance rules mean lots of paperwork. Stress? You have to build a practice from the ground up.
Even lower-level managers are expected to design employee programs that also benefit the bottom line. International HR and compliance are especially hot. There’s a wide variety of work, from self-employed benefits specialists to corporate recruiters and HR generalists.
What’s cool: The mission: to make work more rewarding for workers. You help shape corporate culture and strategy.
What’s not: Fighting the “fluffy HR” stereotype; firing people.
Top-paying job: Senior HR directors make around $285,000; at the C-suite level, it does more like $1 million-plus.
Education: Bachelor’s degree, often followed by master’s level work or professional certification.
Physician Assistant
Why it’s great:
For most doctors, the worst part of their job is filling out paper-work and battling insurers. Physician’s assistants get to skip all that. Under a doctor’s supervision, they provide routine health care-conducting physical exams, ordering lab tests, prescribing medications, treating illnesses.
PAs can specialize, from the Emergency Room to pediatrics to orthopedics, and they can switch fields. Thanks to an aging population and demand for more cost-effective care, this job offers a level of security other professions can’t match.
What’s cool: Doctors’ work, bankers’ hours. PAs average 35 to 40 hours a week, and they can work part time and in a variety of settings.
What’s not You’re not the ultimate decision maker on patient treatment; there’s little room for advancement.
Top-paying job: Specialists in cardiothoracic surgery earn over $100,000.
Education: Four years of college, two to three years of training in an accredited program, plus national.
Market Research Analyst
Why it’s great: If you want to know what the next big thing is, this is your field. Before launching a product or service, companies turn to market research analysts who collect and evaluate data about consumer wants, needs and buying habits.
You get to work on a huge variety of projects: in a single day you might run a taste test on a new vodka flavor, evaluate a re-branding campaign for a hot dog and analyze political polling data.
What’s cool: Testing products before they hit the market. You talk to lots of people and get to ask them personal questions you wouldn’t dare pose at a party.
What’s not: Being mistaken for a telemarketer; deadlines; number crunching.
Top-paying job: A senior exec or partner in a consulting firm can earn more than $200,000.
Education: B.A. M.A. in statistics helps.
Computer IT Analyst
Why it’s great: Seems like the entire world is at the mercy of information technology folks, thanks to the rapid spread of computers and swell of the Internet. And all of these jobs pay well, from desktop support technician to Webmaster to database wonk.
Entry-level analysts make $60,000 and above. Senior database specialists and IT managers command six-figure salaries and decent bonuses. A bachelor’s degree is enough to get started..
What’s cool: Telecommuting and freelance gigs abound. Plus: e-mail snooping!
What’s not: Carpal tunnel syndrome; outsourcing will mean fewer entry-level and non-specialized jobs.
Top-paying job: Network operations directors, who are responsible for a company’s intranet, earn $250,000-plus.
Education: From a B.S. to a Ph.D.
Real Estate Appraiser
Why it’s great: The housing boom has meant beau- coup bucks for appraisers in recent years, but the field hasn’t gotten as crowded as real estate brokerage.
And because valuations are needed whenever any property is sold, mortgaged, insured, taxed or developed, there’s going to be work even when the market slows. A quarter of appraisers have steady nine-to-five government gigs assessing property for tax purposes.
What’s cool: Abundant self-employment opportunities. Research isn’t the pain that it used to be, thanks to the Internet.
What’s not: There’s still a lot of legwork; advancement is limited.
Top-paying job: Collateral appraisers, who work with lenders, earn $ 130,000-plus.
Education: Bachelor’s degree; licensing and certification requirements vary by state.
Pharmacist
Why it’s great: Demand for pharmacists is exploding as the population ages and new medications are developed. By 2010 the number of prescriptions filled is expected to rise 27% to 4.1 billion.
Pharmacists also give advice on over-the-counter meds and help patients manage chronic conditions like diabetes. About 60% work in retail settings, the rest in hospitals and nursing homes and in research or sales
for drug companies.
What’s cool: Pharmacists are in such demand that graduates today can expect multiple job offers, signing bonuses and $90K-plus salaries.
What’s not: Dealing with insurers and angry patients; limited advancement.
Top-paying job: Pharmacists at major retail chains
can earn six figures.
Education: A doctor of pharmacy degree program
is six years long.
Psychologist
Why it’s great:
Feel stressed or anxious? So do a lot of people. That and the decreasing stigma attached to seeking help have fueled demand for psychological services.
The pay is good, the hours are flexible, and it’s pretty hard to top the psychological benefit that comes with bringing relief to a troubled mind. Greater awareness of how mental health and behavior issues affect learning makes school psychology a particularly fast-growing speciality.
What’s cool: Shrinks are four times as likely to be self-employed as other professionals.
What’s not: Years of training; stiff competition for slots in graduate programs; insurers.
Top-paying job: Clinical and counseling psychologists can earn $95,000-plus.
Education: Ph.D. and one-year internship; to be a school psychologist, three years of graduate study and a one-year internship.
WORD LIST
Unit 1. Education
| 1. accounts department | бухгалтерия |
| 2. acquire knowledge | приобретать знания |
| 3. all-round | всесторонний |
| 4. applicant / a candidate | абитуриент |
| 5. associate professor | доцент |
| 6. broadcasting centre | телевизионный центр |
| 7. competitive | конкурсный |
| 8. comprehensive | всесторонний |
| 9. compulsory | обязательный |
| 10. cultural heritage | культурное наследие |
| 11. deserved and honorable worker of the higher professional education | заслуженный работник высшего профессионального образования |
| 12. distance learning | дистанционное обучение |
| 13. full-time | дневное обучение |
| 14. health center | оздоровительный центр |
| 15. higher education | высшее образование |
| 16. holiday camp | лагерь отдыха |
| 17. honored worker of science and technique of Russian Federation | почетный работник науки и техники Российской Федерации |
| 18. Learned Council of University | ученый совет университета |
| 19. obtain a license or certificate | получить лицензию (сертификат) |
| 20. part-time | обучение с отрывом |
| 21. personnel department | отдел кадров |
| 22. planning and finance department | планово-финансовый отдел |
| 23. postgraduate course | аспирантура |
| 24. pre-university training | до вузовская подготовка |
| 25. printing house | типография |
| 26. reference | отзыв (рекомендация) |
| 27. scientific and technological center | научно-технологический центр |
| 28. senior lecturer | старший преподаватель |
| 29. smb's qualification | квалификация |
| 30. student’s canteen | студенческая столовая |
| 31. the newspaper editorial office | редакция газеты |
| 32. to award a degree to smb | получить степень |
| 33. to be admitted (to be accepted) to a university | быть принятым в университет |
| 34. to enroll in (AmE), to enter (BrE) (a) school/university | поступить в университет |
| 35. university admission board (an admission office) | приёмная комиссия |
| 36. vocational | профессиональный |
Unit 2. Ecology
| 1. acid rain | кислотный дождь |
| 2. acidity | кислотность |
| 3. aquatic | водный |
| 4. chimney | труба |
| 5. consequence | последствие |
| 6. contaminate | загрязнять |
| 7. contamination | загрязнение |
| 8. crucial | критичный |
| 9. damage | повреждать, наносить ущерб |
| 10. decline | уменьшать, отклонять |
| 11. dentistry | густота, плотность |
| 12. desertification | опустынивание |
| 13. destruction | разрушение |
| 14. disaster | несчастье, катастрофа |
| 15. disruption | разрушение |
| 16. drought | засуха |
| 17. encourage | вдохновлять, воодушевлять |
| 18. environment | окружающая среда |
| 19. evaporation | испарение |
| 20. excess | избыточный |
| 21. extinct | угасший, вымерший |
| 22. fertility | плодородие |
| 23. fuel combustion | сжигание топлива |
| 24. global warming | глобальное потепление |
| 25. greenhouse effect | парниковый эффект |
| 26. harmful | вредный |
| 27. on the verge of extinction | на грани вымирания |
| 28. ozone layer | озоновый слой |
| 29. poison | яд |
| 30. pollute | загрязнять |
| 31. pulp paper industry | бумажная промышленность |
| 32. radioactive waste | радиоактивные отходы |
| 33. recycle | перерабатывать |
| 34. rubbish | мусор |
| 35. salinity of the rivers | соленость рек |
| 36. threaten | угрожать |
| 37. unleaded petrol | не этиловый бензин |
| 38. water supply | запасы воды |
| 39. well-being | благосостояние |
| 40. wood working | деревообрабатывающая промышленность |
Unit 3. Globalization
| 1. absorptive | впитывающий |
| 2. added value | добавочная стоимость |
| 3. affront | оскорбление, обида |
| 4. ahead of | впереди, перед |
| 5. animal stock | стадо, скот |
| 6. apparently | очевидно |
| 7. arrogance | гордость, высокомерие |
| 8. attribute | свойство, качество |
| 9. awareness | внимание, просвещение |
| 10. benefit | выгода |
| 11. bilateral | двусторонний |
| 12. challenge | вызов, проблема |
| 13. community | общество |
| 14. concern | внимание |
| 15. consciousness | сознание |
| 16. contentious | придирчивый, дискуссионный |
| 17. cross-border | международный |
| 18. decisive | решающий |
| 19. devastating | разрушительный |
| 20. diffusion | распространение |
| 21. dimension | сфера |
| 22. disruption | спад |
| 23. disruptive | разрушительный |
| 24. effort | попытка |
| 25. encounter | столкновение, схватка |
| 26. equitable | соразмерный, равный |
| 27. erosion | разрушение |
| 28. finished product | конечный продукт |
| 29. for-profit | коммерческий |
| 30. frontier | граница |
| 31. governance | власть |
| 32. identity | индивидуальность |
| 33. imagery | образность, фигуры речи |
| 34. in between | между |
| 35. in regard to | что касается |
| 36. inappropriately | нецелесообразно, неподобающе |
| 37. intense | сильный, интенсивный |
| 38. interchangeably | взаимозаменяемо |
| 39. interruptions | перебои |
| 40. laissez-faire | принцип свободы торговли |
| 41. lane | путь |
| 42. leverage | способ |
| 43. lingering | длительный |
| 44. literacy | грамотность |
| 45. merchant | торговец |
| 46. multilateral | многосторонний |
| 47. mutual | взаимный |
| 48. narrowly | в узком смысле |
| 49. naval | морской |
| 50. outbreak | вспышка |
| 51. overall | общий |
| 52. overland | наземный, сухопутный |
| 53. populous | густонаселенный |
| 54. poverty | бедность |
| 55. precipitously | резко |
| 56. prominent | выдающийся, значительный |
| 57. regeneration | обновление |
| 58. relatively | относительно |
| 59. removal | смещение |
| 60. resident | житель |
| 61. resolution | решение |
| 62. revival | возрождение |
| 63. rightfully | правомерно |
| 64. salvation | вечная жизнь, спасение |
| 65. secular | извечный |
| 66. sedentary | оседлый |
| 67. settled lands | заселенная территория |
| 68. shared values | общие ценности |
| 69. shrinking | сокращение, сжатие |
| 70. so long | пока |
| 71. sophisticated | опытный |
| 72. specie | металлические деньги |
| 73. stretch | пространство |
| 74. substantial | важный, значительный |
| 75. substantially | в значительной степени |
| 76. supply and demand | спрос и предложение |
| 77. supranational | надгосударственный |
| 78. suspicion | подозрение |
| 79. to anchor | укреплять, закрепить |
| 80. to argue | утверждать |
| 81. to bring forth | порождать |
| 82. to circumvent | обманывать, обходить |
| 83. to coin | вводить в обращение |
| 84. to coincide | совпадать |
| 85. to displace | перемещать |
| 86. to embody | реализовать |
| 87. to exert | проявить, действовать |
| 88. to expand | расширять |
| 89. to facilitate | способствовать |
| 90. to foster | поощрять, содействовать |
| 91. to gain | получать, приобретать |
| 92. to mediate | преобразовывать, устанавливать |
| 93. to pay heed to | обращать /уделять внимание |
| 94. to peg | искусственно поддерживать |
| 95. to refer to | ссылаться на, относиться к |
| 96. to reverse | полностью изменять; менять |
| 97. to sacrifice | жертвовать |
| 98. to spread | распространяться |
| 99. to sustain | поддерживать |
| 100. to tempt | соблазнять, искушать |
| 101. to pacify | успокаивать, усмирять, восстанавливать |
| 102. to preside | осуществлять контроль |
| 103. trade flow | торговый поток |
| 104. under the auspices | под эгидой |
| 105. underway | в процессе исполнения/ реализации |
| 106. underwrite | подписать |
| 107. unevenly | неравномерно |
| 108. unification | объединение |
| 109. unraveling | развертывающийся |
| 110. vast | обширный |
| 111. virtue | достоинство, качество |
| 112. widespread | обширный |
Unit 4. Science
| 1. advance | продвигаться вперед; продвижение, успех |
| 2. ancestor | предок |
| 3. arrangement | расположение, классификация, соглашение |
| 4. be concerned | беспокоиться |
| 5. behavior | поведение |
| 6. benefit | извлекать/приносить выгоду; выгода, прибыль |
| 7. breakthrough | открытие, прорыв |
| 8. celestial | астрономический, небесный |
| 9. circumstance | обстоятельство |
| 10. composition | соединение |
| 11. concern | касаться, иметь отношение |
| 12. contradict | противоречить, возражать |
| 13. evidence | основание, свидетельство |
| 14. expand | расширять(ся), увеличивать(ся) |
| 15. eventually | в конечном счете, в конце концов |
| 16. evolve | развиваться, эволюционировать |
| 17. forecast | предвидеть; предсказание |
| 18. heredity | наследственность |
| 19. heavenly | небесный |
| 20. incline | иметь тенденцию, склоняться; наклон |
| 21. influence | влиять; влияние |
| 22. multiply | умножать, увеличивать |
| 23. mysterious | таинственный, непостижимый |
| 24. nuclear | ядерный, атомный |
| 25. occur | происходить, случаться |
| 26. predict | предсказывать |
| 27. reasoning | объяснение, аргументация |
| 28. reflect | отражать |
| 29. regardless | не обращая внимания, невзирая на |
| 30. release | освобождать; освобождение |
| 31. rely on | полагаться, доверять |
| 32. result from | происходить в результате ч-л |
| 33. result in | приводить к ч-л |
| 34. reveal | открывать, показывать |
| 35. reverse | менять; противоположный, обратный |
| 36. revise | исправлять, пересматривать |
| 37. spiritual | духовный |
| 38. stir | размешивать |
| 39. surgical | хирургический |
| 40. unconscious | бессознательный |
| 41. tissue | ткань |
Unit 5. The Price of Progress
| 1. actually | фактически, на самом деле |
| 2. accordingly | в соответствии |
| 3. adult | взрослый |
| 4. apple of one’s eye | самое дорогое (перен.) |
| 5. assume | предполагать, допускать |
| 6. back (v) | поддерживать |
| 7. be fired | быть уволенным |
| 8. bite | кусать(ся) |
| 9. breed laziness | воспитывать лень |
| 10. brought about | вызванный чем-л., послуживший причиной |
| 11. carpal tunnel syndrome | синдром запястного канала |
| 12. contraption | хитроумное изобретение |
| 13. disbelief | неверие, недоверие |
| 14. devoid of | лишенный (чего-л.) |
| 15. devious | хитрый |
| 16. dot.com | интернет |
| 17. drivel (v) | нести чепуху |
| 18. еdge (ам.разг.) | преимущество |
| 19. elusive | неуловимый |
| 20. encase | заключить в оболочку, поместить |
| 21. entice | соблазнять |
| 22. enchantment | очарование |
| 23. ethereal | эфемерный |
| 24. except | за исключением |
| 25. figure out | представлять, воображать |
| 26. flashy | кричащий, показной |
| 27. foretell | предсказывать |
| 28. freak | фанатик; помешанный на чем-либо |
| 29. gaze | уставиться, пристально смотреть |
| 30. gleaming | мерцающий |
| 31. grouchy | ворчливый |
| 32. handle | управлять |
| 33. honor | удостаивать |
| 34. hours on end | часами напролёт |
| 35. hyper | слишком (нервный) |
| 36. infiltrate | проникнуть |
| 37. insidious | хитрый, коварный |
| 38. instill | исподволь внушать |
| 39. item | пункт, параграф, деталь, штука |
| 40. let alone | не говоря уж; тем более |
| 41. lie | обманывать |
| 42. matchmaking | сватовство |
| 43. nasty | отвратительный |
| 44. neck torpor | онемение шеи |
| 45. notion | понятие, представление |
| 46. make an ass of oneself | выставить себя в глупом положении |
| 47. on your own behalf | самостоятельно |
| 48. overthrow | переворот, свержение |
| 49. overwhelm | переполнять, подавлять |
| 50. pack (n) | группа, масса |
| 51. plough (v) | вспахивать, пролагать, высекать |
| 52. post (v) | назначать |
| 53. queue | очередь |
| 54. reach (n) | досягаемость, охват |
| 55. recall | вспоминать |
| 56. receptive | восприимчивый |
| 57. remote control | дистанционное управление |
| 58. rewarding | дающий результат |
| 59. road kill | разбойник с большой дороги |
| 60. saucy | бойкий, раскованный |
| 61. scoop (v) | черпать |
| 62. serendipity | интуитивная прозорливость |
| 63. set out | пускаться, отправляться |
| 64. soul mate | единомышленник |
| 65. sport (v) | щеголять |
| 66. take over | доминировать |
| 67. time (v) | назначать время |
| 68. tear off | отрывать |
| 69. vanish | улетучиваться, исчезать |
| 70. Yet in exchange | ко всему прочему |
| 71. whereas | поскольку, с учетом того, что |
| 71.wombat | зд. червь |
UNIT 6. Looking for a job
| 1. allot | распределять, назначать |
| 2. applicant | претендент, заявитель |
| 3. approach (зд.) | попытка вступить в переговоры |
| 4. at your disposal | в вашем распоряжении |
| 5. bum out | обескураживать |
| 6. bummed out | раздраженный |
| 7. business trip | командировка |
| 8. CIS | Cоюз независимых государств |
| 9. command | владение |
| 10. edge (ам. разг.) | преимущество |
| 11. elusive | неуловимый |
| 12. entice | соблазнять |
| 13. experienced | опытный, знающий |
| 14. figure out | представлять себе |
| 15. first and foremost | в первую очередь |
| 16. flashy | кричащий, показной |
| 17. grasp (зд.) | понять |
| 18. independently | самостоятельно |
| 19. lurk | обман, хитрость |
| 20. mislead | ввести в заблуждение |
| 21. onslaught | стремительная атака |
| 22. opportunity | возможность, перспектива |
| 23. overwhelm | подавлять |
| 24. pack (n) | группа, масса |
| 25. post (v) | назначать на должность |
| 26. preliminary | подготовительное мероприятие, предварительный |
| 27. proactive | инициативный, действующий с опережением |
| 28. reach (n) | досягаемость |
| 29. receptive | восприимчивый |
| 30. serendipity | интуитивная способность к открытиям |
| 31. size up | определять, оценивать |
| 32. strive | пытаться, стараться |
| 33. `tack (зд.) | лавировать |
| 34. timing | выбор времени |
| 35. unambiguously | однозначно, недвусмысленно |
| 36. willingness | готовность, желание |
| 37. worth | имеющий значение; стоящий |
APPENDIX
Scientific research
The following expressions are concerned with carrying out an experiment. Remember them to describe your scientific research.
To be busy with an experiment
To make (carry out, perform, conduct) a set of experiments
The experiment is concerned with (deals with)
The experiment shows (proves, determines, explains, accounts for, gives information on, provides information on, provides information on) something
The experiment makes it possible to show (prove, obtain, understand) something
The results of the experiment enable us to determine (estimate, compute, see) something
The experiment lasts (takes) several days
To make measurements during the experiment
To take the readings of the apparatus
To process the data obtained
To classify the data, to verify (check up) the results, to analyze (make an analysis of) the results
To draw the conclusions from experimental data
On the basis of the experiment it was concluded that …
Words and expressions concerned with discussing a hypothesis.
To advance (put forward, propose, build up, set up, formulate, create) a hypothesis
To accept (adopt) a hypothesis
The most obvious hypothesis
There is some evidence for and against this hypothesis
To verify (check, test) the hypothesis
Presentation
The idea of the key stages of making presentation. Try to take them into account while preparing for your presentation.
Presentation is a convenient and eye-catching way of delivering information. There are some psychological, communicational and cultural aspects that must be taken into account.
· Give yourself enough time to write, edit and rewrite.
· Give yourself time to practice, practice and practice.
· Limit the amount of information you give. A report is a much better place to give a lot of information.
· Use the question and answer session as an opportunity to give extra information on your subject.
· It’s very important to maintain a good eye contact with the audience, but do not look at just one person.
· The manner must be positive, confident and relaxed.
· Do not forget to use pauses for emphasis.
· Use facial expressions (smiles) to emphasize your feelings.
· Remember to speak clearly and not too fast.
· Do not stand completely still – a little movement between table and board is more interesting.
· Keep hands out of pockets – in some cultures it shows disrespect.
· Keep to the time. Many people become impatient with presentations that go on too long. You may be cut off.
· Tell the audience what you are going to say, say it and tell the audience what you’ve said.
· Don’t apologize for your English.
Some expressions to be used while making a presentation. Try to remember them.
Introducing yourself and your talk
Good morning, ladies and gentlemen!
Dear friends!
It’s a pleasure to be with you today.
It’s an honor to have the opportunity to address such a distinguished audience.
Title/Subject.
The subject of my presentation is …
I’d like to talk to you about …
I’m going to inform you about …
I’m going explain our position on …
I’m going to describe …
We are here today to learn about …
The purpose of this talk is to give the background to …
I’d be glad to answer any questions at the end of my talk.
Describing visual aids
In my first slide I’d like to show you …
If you look at the screen you can see …
The horizontal (vertical) axis is …
The left side shows …
The third row contains …
On the right is …
As you can see …
Here is the …
This clearly shows …
This is important because …
I’d like to draw your attention to …
Now, I’d like to move on to …
Next, let me describe …
Finally, let me explain …
Endings
Before I finish, let me just say …
That covers all that I wanted to say today.
Let me just run over the key point again.
To sum up …
In conclusion I’d like to say …
I’d like to leave you with the following idea …
Thank you for your attention.
I’d be glad to try and answer any questions.
Summarizing
| The text | • is about… • deals with… • presents… • describes… |
| In the text | • the reader gets to know… • the reader is confronted with… • the reader is told about… |
| The author (the narrator) | • says, states, points out that… • claims, believes, thinks that… • describes, explains, makes clear that… • uses examples to confirm/prove that… • agrees/disagrees with the view … • contradicts the view • criticises/analyses/ comments on… • tries to express… • argues that… • suggests that… • compares X to Y… • emphasizes his point by saying that… • doubts that… • tries to convince the readers that… • concludes that… |
Expressing the Movement of a Line
| Verbs | Nouns | Adjectives | Adverbs |
| rise (to) | a rise | dramatic | dramatically |
| increase (to) | an increase | sharp | sharply |
| go up to | huge | hugely | |
| grow (to) | growth | steep | steeply |
| climb (to) | a climb | substantial | substantially |
| boom | a boom | considerable | considerably |
| peak (at) | (reach) a peak (at) | significant | significantly |
| fall (to) | a fall (of) | marked | markedly |
| decline (to) | a decline (of) | moderate | moderately |
| decrease (to) | a decrease (of) | slight | slightly |
| dip (to) | a dip (of) | small | |
| drop (to) | a drop (of) | minimal | minimally |
| go down (to) | |||
| reduce (to) | a reduction (of) | ||
| a slump | |||
| level out | a leveling out | ||
| no change | no change | ||
| remain stable (at) | |||
| remain steady (at) | |||
| stay (at) | |||
| stay constant (at) | |||
| maintain the same | level |
Describing the Speed of a Change
| Adjectives | Adverbs |
| rapid | rapidly |
| quick | quickly |
| swift | swiftly |
| sudden | suddenly |
| steady | steadily |
| gradual | gradually |
| slow | slowly |
Presenting a graph
| Introduction | Topic | Circumstances |
| This graph shows... | the results of our products... | over 10 years. |
| The diagram outlines... | rates of economic growth... | between 1990 and 1996. |
| This table lists... | the top ten agencies... | in the industrial world. |
| This pie chart represents | the company's turnover... | for this year in our sector. |
| This line chart depicts... | the changes in sales... | over the past year. |
| This chart breaks down (ventile)... | the sales of each salesman... | during the past ten weeks. |
The four basic trends (ten dances) are:
· upward movement: ì
· downward movement: î
· no movement: è
· change in direction: æ or ç
Indicating upward movement: ì
| Verbs | Nouns | |
| Transitive | Intransitive | |
| (to) increase | (to) increase | (an) increase |
| (to) raise | (to) rise (rose, risen) | (a) raise (US), a rise (UK) |
| (to) push/put/step up | (to) go/be up | (an) upswing |
| (to) grow | (a) growth | |
| (to) extend, (to) expand | (to) extend, (to) expand | (an) extension, expansion |
| (to) progress | (a) progression | |
| (to) boom/soar/climb | (a) boom | |
| (to) jump, (to) skyrocket | (a) jump | |
| (to) reach a peak, (to) peak | (a) peak | |
| (to) reach an all-time high |
Indicating downward movement: î
| Verbs | Nouns | |
| Transitive | Intransitive | |
| (to) decrease | (to) decrease | (a) decrease |
| (to) cut, (to) reduce | (a) cut, (a) reduction | |
| (to) fall (off) (fall, fell, fallen) | (a) fall | |
| (to) plunge, to plummet | (a) plunge | |
| (to) drop (off) | (a) drop | |
| (to) go down | (a) downswing | |
| (to) decline | (a) decline | |
| (to) collapse | (a) collapse (dramatic fall) | |
| (to) slump, (to) go bust | (a) slump | |
| (to) bottom out |
Indicating no movement: è
| Verbs | Nouns | |
| Transitive | Intransitive | |
| (to) keep... stable | (to) remain stable | |
| (to) hold... constant | (to) stay constant | |
| (to) stabilize | (to) stabilize | stability |
Indicating a change of direction: î or ç...
| Verbs | Nouns | |
| Transitive | Intransitive | |
| (to) level off | (to) level off/out, to flatten out | (a) levelling-off |
| (to) stop falling/rising | (a) change | |
| (to) stand at | (to) remain steady | |
| (to) stop falling and start rising | ||
| (to) stop rising and start falling |
Indicating the degree or the speed of change
| dramatic(all) DEGREE vast(ly), huge(ly), a lot significant(ly) considerable/bly, a lot substantial(ly) moderate(ly) a little, slight(ly) | SPEED rapid(ly), quick(ly), swift(ly) gradual(ly), gentl/ly little by little slow(ly), quiet(ly) |
Mathematical and scientific symbols
Symbols
| + | plus | /'plʌs/ |
| - | minus | /'maɪnəs/ |
| ± | plus or minus | /'plʌs ɔ: 'maɪnəs/ |
| x | multiplied by | /'mʌltɪplaɪd baɪ/ |
| / | over; divided by | /'əʊvə/ /dɪ'vaɪdəd/ |
| ÷ | divided | /dɪ'vaɪdəd/ |
| = | equals | /'ɪ:kwəlz/ |
| ≈ | approximately, similar | /ə'prɒksɪmətlɪ/ /'sɪmɪlə tʊ/ |
| ≡ | equivalent to; identical | /ɪk'wɪvələnt tʊ/ /aɪ'dentɪkl tʊ/ |
| ≠ | not equal to | /'nɒt 'iːkwəl tʊ/ |
| > | greater than | /'greɪtə ðən/ |
| < | less than | /'les ðən/ |
| ≥ | greater than or equal to | /'greɪtə ðən ər 'iːkwəl tʊ/ |
| ≤ | less than or equal to | /'les ðən ər' iːkwəl tʊ/ |
| ⊁ | not greater than | /'nɒt 'greɪtə ðən/ |
| ⊀ | not less than | /'nɒt 'les ðən/ |
| ≫ | much greater than | /'mʌʧ 'greɪtə ðən/ |
| ≪ | much less than | /'mʌʧ 'les ðən/ |
| ⊥ | perpendicular to | /pɜːpən'dɪkjʊlə tʊ/ |
| ∣∣ | parallel to | /'pærəlel tʊ/ |
| ≢ | not equivalent to, not identical to | /'nɒt ɪk'wɪvələnt tʊ/ /'nɒt aɪ'dentɪkl tʊ/ |
| ≄≉ | not similar to | /'nɒt 'sɪmɪlə tʊ/ |
| ² | squared | /'skweəd/ |
| ³ | cubed | /'kju:bd/ |
| 4 | to the fourth; to the power four | /tə ðə 'fɔːθ/ /te ðə 'pɑʊə fɔː/ |
| n | to the n; to the nth; to the power n | /tə ðɪ en; tə dɪ enθ; tə ðə pɑʊər en/ |
| √ | root; square root | /ru:t/ /skweə ru:t/ |
| ∛ | cube root | /kju:b ru:t/ |
| ∜ | fourth root | /fɔːθ ruːt/ |
| ! | factorial | /fæk'tɔːrɪəl/ |
| % | percent | /pə'sent/ |
| ∞ | infinity | /ɪn'fɪnətɪ/ |
| ∝ | varies as; proportional to | /'vɛərɪz/ /prə'pɔːʃənəl/ |
| ˙ | dot | /dɒt/ |
| ¨ | double dot | /dʌbl dɒt/ |
| : | is to, ratio of | /reɪʃɪəʊ/ |
| f(x) fx | f; function | /ef/ /'fʌŋkʃən/ |
| f'(x) | f dash; derivative | /dæʃ/ /dɪ'rɪvətɪv/ |
| f''x | f double-dash; second derivative | /'dʌbl dæʃ/ /'sekənd dɪ'rɪvətɪv/ |
| f'''(x) | f triple-dash; f treble-dash; third derivative | /'trɪpl dæʃ/ / trebl dæʃ/ /θɜ:d dɪ'rɪvətɪv/ |
| f(4) | f four; fourth derivative | /fɔːθ dɪ'rɪvətɪv/ |
| ∂ | partial derivative, delta | /paːʃəl dɪ'rɪvətɪv/ /deltə/ |
| ∫ | integral | /'ɪntɪgrəl/ |
| ∑ | sum | /sʌm/ |
| w.r.t. | with respect to | /wɪð 'rɪspekt/ |
| log | log | /lɒg/ |
| log₂x | log to the base 2 of x | /lɒg tə ðə beɪs tu: əv eks/ |
| ∴ | therefore | /'ðɛəfɔː/ |
| ∵ | because | /bɪ'kɒz/ |
| → | gives, leads to, approaches | /gɪvz/ /li:dz tʊ/ /əprəʊʧəz/ |
| / | per | /pɜ:/ |
| ∈ | belongs to; a member of; an element of | /bɪ'lɒŋz/ /'membə/ /'elɪmənt/ |
| ∉ | does not belong to; is not a member of; is not an element of | /nɒt bɪ'lɒŋ/ /nɒt ə 'membə/ /nɒt ən 'elɪmənt/ |
| ⊂ | contained in; a proper subset of | /kən'teɪnd ɪn/ /'prɒpə 'sʌbset/ |
| ⊆ | contained in; subset | /'sʌbset/ |
| ⋂ | intersection | /'ɪntəsekʃən/ |
| ⋃ | union | /'juːnɪən/ |
| ∀ | for all | /fə rɔ:l/ |
| cos x | cos x; cosine x | /kɒz/ |
| sin x | sine x | /saɪn/ |
| tan x | tangent x | /tan/ |
| cosec x | cosec x | /'kəʊsek/ |
| sinh x | shine x | /'ʃaɪn/ |
| cosh x | cosh x | /'kɒʃ/ |
| tanh x | than x | /θæn/ |
| |x| | mod x; modulus x | /mɒd/ /'mɒdjʊləs/ |
| ℃ | degrees Centigrade | /dɪ'gri:z 'sentɪgreɪd/ |
| ℉ | degrees Fahrenheit | /dɪ'gri:z 'færənhaɪt/ |
| °K | degrees Kelvin | /dɪ'gri:z 'kelvɪn/ |
| 0°K, –273.15 °C | absolute zero | /absəlu:t zi:rəʊ/ |
| mm | millimetre | /'mɪlɪmiːtə/ |
| cm | centimetre | /'sentɪmiːtə/ |
| cc, cm³ | cubic centimetre, centimetre cubed | /'kjuːbɪk 'sentɪmiːtə/ /'sentɪmiːtə 'kju:bd/ |
| m | metre | /'miːtə/ |
| km | kilometre | /kɪ'lɒmɪtə/ |
| mg | milligram | /'mɪlɪgræm/ |
| g | gram | /græm/ |
| kg | kilogram | /'kɪləgræm/ |
| AC | A.C. | /eɪ si:/ |
| DC | D.C. | /di: si:/ |
Examples
| x + 1 | x plus one |
| x -1 | x minus one |
| x ± 1 | x plus or minus one |
| xy | x y; x times y; x multiplied by y |
| (x — y) (x + y) | x minus y, x plus y |
| x/y | x over y; x divided by y; |
| x ÷ y | x divided by y |
| x = 5 | x equals 5; x is equal to 5 |
| x ≈ y | x is approximately equal to y |
| x ≡ y | x is equivalent to y; x is identical with y |
| x ≠ y | x is not equal to y |
| x > y | x is greater than y |
| x < y | x is less than y |
| x ≥ y | x is greater than or equal to y |
| x ≤ y | x is less than or equal to y |
| 0 < x < 1 | zero is less than x is less than 1; x is greater than zero and less than 1 |
| 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 | zero is less than or equal to x is less than or equal to 1; x is greater than or equal to zero and less than or equal to 1 |
| x² | x squared |
| x³ | x cubed |
| x4 | x to the fourth; x to the power four |
| xn | x to the n; x to the nth; x to the power n |
| x-n | x to the minus n; x to the power of minus n |
| √ | root x; square root x; the square root of x |
| ∛ | the cube root of x |
| ∜ | the fourth root of x |
| the nth root of x |
| (x + y)² | x plus y all squared |
| (x/y)² | x over y all squared |
| n! | n factorial; factorial n |
| x% | x percent |
| ∞ | infinity |
| x ∝ y | x varies as y; x is (directly) proportional to y |
| x ∝ 1/y | x varies as one over y; x is indirectly proportional to y |
| ẋ | x dot |
| ẍ | x double dot |
| f(x) fx | f of x; the function of x |
| f'(x) | f dash x; the (first) derivative of with respect to x |
| f''x | f double-dash x; the second derivative off with respect to x |
| f'''(x) | f triple-dash x; f treble-dash x; the third derivative off with respect to x |
| f(4) | f four x; the fourth derivative off with respect to x |
| ∂v | the partial derivative of v |
| ∂v ∂θ | delta v by delta theta, the partial derivative of v with respect to θ |
| ∂ ² v ∂θ² | delta two v by delta theta squared; the second partial derivative of v with respect to θ |
| dv | the derivative of v |
| dv dθ | d v by d theta, the derivative of v with respect to theta |
| d ² v dθ² | d 2 v by d theta squared, the second derivative of v with respect to theta, |
| ∫ | integral |
| integral from zero to infinity |
| ∑ | sum |
| the sum from i equals 1 to n |
| w.r.t. | with respect to |
| logey | log to the base e of y; log y to the base e; natural log (of) y |
| ∴ | therefore |
| ∵ | because |
| → | gives, approaches |
| Δx → 0 | delta x approaches zero |
| limΔx→0 | the limit as delta x approaches zero, the limit as delta x tends to zero |
| LtΔx→0 | the limit as delta x approaches zero, the limit as delta x tends to zero |
| m/sec | metres per second |
| x ∈ A | x belongs to A; x is a member of A; x is an element of A |
| x∉ A | x does not belong to A; x is not a member of A; x is not an element of A |
| A⊂ B | A is contained in B; A is a proper subset of B |
| A ⊆ B | A is contained in B; A is a subset of B |
| A ⋂ B | A intersection B |
| A ⋃ B | A union B |
| cos x | cos x; cosine x |
| sin x | sine x |
| tan x | tangent x, tan x |
| cosec x | cosec x |
| sinh x | shine x |
| cosh x | cosh x |
| tanh x | than x |
| |x| | mod x; modulus x |
| 18 ℃ | eighteen degrees Centigrade |
| 70 ℉ | seventy degrees Fahrenheit |
Fractions
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| Unit 5. Price of Progress | | | Before reading the text answer the following questions. |