Many people look at road safety as non-essential, but always there. What people don’t know is that everyday more than one hundred people are killed due to road safety, or lack thereof. Around six thousand people are injured due to this. Road safety is a very important issue; it affects most people’s lives.
Police officers have a key role in encouraging improved road-user behavior. The general deterrence provided by police will promote the public perception that compliance “everywhere all the time” is the best way of avoiding penalties and improving safety. The safety of road transportations is a product of the interactions between the driver, roadway, and the vehicles. Advances in the design improved driver performance, and enhancement of the roadway have all contributed to the level of safety we presently enjoy. Many two-lane roads were constructed before current safety guidelines were developed and face problems resulting from traffic levels well beyond those anticipated, particularly at the outskirts of urban areas. General road improvements have been found to reduce fatalities by two lives per annum per one hundred million dollars invested and provide benefit/cost ratios averaging at 3.3. As road improvements continue to be a need today’s growing traffic volume increases everyone’s potential exposure to accidents. Inadequate maintenance and improper installation of safety features such as guardrails and barriers are potential safety problems on all highways. An aging driver population reduced compliance with traffic regulations, higher traffic speeds, aggressive driving behavior, and demands for the road by use of pedestrians and bicyclists pose additional challenges. Road traffic safety aims to reduce the harm resulting from crashes of road vehicles. Harm from road crashes is greater than that from all other transportation models combined. Although these facts and percentages are concerns of road safety there also environmental concerns. Environmental concerns make it difficult to remove a tree or bush close to the edge of a roadway or widen lanes adjacent to streams or lakes. Consequently, there is a need to continually work to fill in gaps in knowledge and provide this information to decision-makers and persons responsible for highway safety at all levels of government. Unchecked roadside vegetation growth can also impede motorists’ visions at intersecting and degrade the appearance of a roadside guardrail. These are all parts in road improvement. A larger one is that road traffic crashes are one of the world’s largest public health and injury prevention problems. The problem is serious because all the victims are healthy before their crashes. And while these trends are encouraging about forty thousand people are still being killed annually in motor vehicle crashes. Thirty percent of these crashes are from single vehicle run-off-the road crashes. In order to prevent crashes and ensure road safety, road safety products should first be tested.
Though safety barriers prevent several accidents everyday, they don’t prevent them all. The average US crash rate remains that one of every eighty-four children born today will die violently in a motor vehicle crash. Also six out of every ten children will be injured in a highway crash over a lifetime, many of them more than once. In 2003 there were forty-two thousand six hundred forty-three fatalities and almost three million injuries occurred on our nation’s roads. On an average day there are one hundred seventeen fatalities a day. Thirty percent of these fatalities are by people under the age of twenty-five. These daily financial losses are over six hundred thirty million dollars.
The deaths for non-federally funded roads are 2.3 hundred million. Crashes on these roads have more serious consequences because of narrower lanes, hazardous roadsides, steeper slopes, and sharper curves. Interstate highways are known as the “workhouse” of the highway network because of the vehicles they carry. The vehicles they carry are the most subject to fatality crashes. Twenty-three percent of the roadway and forty-five percent of the larger traffic are subject to crashes.
Crash barriers can be classified on the basis of their design and implementation. Guardrails with wire rope safety barriers are one of a few that can be spotted on roadways. All crash barriers work on similar principles. They are designed to absorb the impact of the vehicle going off track, hence helping it get on the road again, and not losing it’s balance. They’re used to prevent vehicles from hitting or falling into hazards. Such as: falling down steep slopes, into rivers, or hitting obstructions.
These events often happen when a driver has lost control of the vehicle due to excessive speed, lack of experience, or tire failure. The names used for the types of safety barriers are confusing. The most common type, made of steel beams, is called guardrails or barriers in America. In Britain they’re called safety fences, and in Australia guard fences.
The reinforced concrete wall is usually called a concrete barrier. Many corporations manufacture the E-Z Barrier, a lightweight and versatile alternative to the conventional concrete barrier system. The barrier is constructed of a low-density polyethylene and resists cracking, breakdown, and ultraviolent light. At an empty weight of only one hundred twenty-five pounds, the barrier can be transported and assembled efficiently without using cranes or expensive machinery. Moveable barrier systems use concrete barrier sections similar to the conventional California barrier that hinges together to form a single chain that can be picked up and moved laterally across lanes by a special designed transfer machine. Crash barriers keep vehicles from going off the road and steer them safely back onto the road. Their very presence can boost the confidence of a jittery driver on a mountain road.
Although road safety isn’t first on our political agendas and ideas it is a very important issue. Everyone doesn’t know that it is but it matters to everyone who is ever or will ever be on a roadway.
General understanding:
1. Why is road safety so important?
2. The safety of road transportations is a product of the interactions between the driver, roadway, and the vehicles, isn’t it?
3. What is the aim of the road traffic safety?
4. How many people are still being killed annually in motor vehicle crashes, according to the statistics?
5. Do safety barriers prevent accidents?
6. How many fatalities happen on an average day?
7. What are the crash barriers made for?
8. What are the main types of crash barriers?
2. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующим словам и выражениям:
1. нехватка, недостаток чего-либо
2. важный вопрос
3. главная роль
4. лучший способ избежать штрафов (взысканий)
5. усовершенствование трасс
6. вносить вклад
7. в предместьях городов
8. уменьшить количество несчастных случаев с летальным исходом
9. автокатастрофа
10. чрезмерно высокая скорость
11. обеспокоенный водитель
12. универсальная альтернатива бетонным ограждениям
13. передвижная система барьеров
14. повестка дня
15. иметь значение для всех
3. Найдите в тексте синонимы следующим словам:
1. non-principal
2. about
3. are murdered
4. understanding
5. frightening
6. improvement
7. present-day
8. pass away
9. dangerous, risky
10. accident
11. take up
12. consolidate
13. effectively
14. resembling
15. production
4. Вставьте слова в нужном порядке:
Die, victims, occur, bicyclists, crippled, organization, unless, pedestrians, move up, crashes.
Every year more than 1.17 million people 1___in road crashes around the world. The majority of these deaths, about 70 percent 2___ in developing countries. Sixty-five percent of deaths involve 3 ___ and 35 percent of pedestrian deaths are children. Over 10 million are 4___ or injured each year. It has been estimated that at least 6 million more will die and 60 million will be injured during the next 10 years in developing countries 5___ urgent action is taken.
The majority of road crash 6___ (injuries and fatalities) in developing countries are not the motorised vehicle occupants, but pedestrians, motorcyclists, 7___ and non-motorised vehicles (NMV) occupants.
The Global Burden of Disease study undertaken by the World Health 8____(WHO), Harvard University and the World Bank showed that in 1990, traffic 9___ were assessed to be the world's ninth most important health problem. The study forecasts that by the year 2020 road crashes would 10___to third place in the table of leading causes of death and disability facing the world community.
Exercise 5. Сопоставьте модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты (заместители):
can - _____________________________ to have to do smth
may - ____________________________ to be able to do smth
must - ____________________________ to be allowed to do smth
Exercise 6. Переведите на русский язык:
1. Her grandmother can knit very well.
2. I can answer the question.
3. This trip is too expensive for me. I can’t afford it.
4. She can type. She can speak well on the telephone. She hopes she can find the job she’s looking for.
5. Can you go to have lunch with me? – I’m sorry. I can’t.
6. Mike can run very fast.
7. They can understand French.
8. My brother can come and help you in the garden
9. The children cannot carry this box: it is too heavy.
10. Can you wait till tomorrow morning? – I can wait, but my toothache can’t.
Exercise 7. Переведите на английский язык, употребляя модальный глагол can (could):
1. Я умею говорить по-английски.
2. Моя сестра не умеет кататься на коньках.
3. Ты умеешь говорить по-французски.
4. Ты можешь переплыть эту реку?
5. Ты умел плавать в прошлом году?
6. В прошлом году я не умел кататься на лыжах, а сейчас умею.
7. Вы не можете мне подсказать, как проехать до вокзала?
8. Не могли бы вы мне помочь?
9. Я не могу перевести это предложение.
10. Никто не мог мне помочь.
11. Где тут можно купить хлеб?
12. Твоя бабушка умела танцевать, когда была молодая? – Да, она и сейчас умеет.
13. Мой папа не умеет говорить по-немецки.
14. Я не могу выпить это молоко.
15. Она не может вас понять.
Exercise 8. Выразите согласие. Следуйте примеру:
e.g. – Helen is a good pianist.
– You are right. She can play the piano well.
1. Jack is a good jumper.
2. My grandfather was a good swimmer.
3. In a year Robert will be a good skater.
4. Mr. Brown is a good singer.
5. Had you time to do it yesterday?
6. I will have enough time to read the book tomorrow.
7. Miss Smith is a good painter.
8. First year our boss had a good typist.
9. I think we shall go to the theatre tonight.
10. My boy-friend is a good chess-player.
Exercise 9. Попросите разрешения и
а) согласитесь: e.g. – May I go out for a moment, please? – Yes, you may./Yes, please./Please, do./Certainly.
1. open the window
2. listen to the record
3. switch on the radio-set
4. go home
5. borrow your pen
6. talk to you
7. come in
8. ask you a question
9. use your phone
10. keep the book
б) откажитесь: e.g. – May I smoke here? – Please, don’t./I’m afraid, not./No, you mustn’t.
1. use your car
2. close the door
3. borrow your umbrella
4. go out
5. switch on the TV-set
6. take your dictionary
7. cross the street now
8. buy an ice-cream
9. leave now
10. take your exercise-book
Exercise 10. Употребите модальный глагол may, might или выражение to be allowed to do smth:
1. He _________ go home if he likes. 2. As soon as the boy ________________________ to leave the room, he smiled a happy smile and ran out. 3. The doctor says I’m much better. I ___________ get up for a few hours every day. 4. ___________ I bring my sister to the party? 5. He asked if he ____________ bring his sister to the party. 6. After they had finished their homework, the children _________________ to watch TV. 7. He ____________________ join the sports section as soon as he is through with his medical examination. 8. Becky’s mother said that everybody __________________ take part in the picnic. 9. If you pass your examinations, you _________________________ go to the South. 10. ____________ I borrow your car, please? 11. He asked if he _______________ borrow my car. 12. ___________ I have a look at your newspaper? 13. When I _____________________________ eat ice-cream? 14. Were you _________________________ go to the lake when you were small? 15. You _________________________ go for a walk when you have done your home task.
Exercise 11. Переведите на русский язык:
1. Don’t worry! This is not important. – Not important! You must be joking!
2. He never comes to work late! He must have overslept today.
3. You must not argue with the boss.
4. She must stop eating much and she must lose weight.
5. You must stop smoking! If you don’t, you are going to have serious problems with your lungs some day.
6. You must work hard at your English.
7. You must learn the words.
8. Must we learn the poem today?
9. It must be difficult to learn Chinese.
10. You must not talk at the lessons.
11. Everybody must come to school in time.
12. Don’t ring him up: he must be very busy.
13. You must not make notes in the books.
14. I must help my mother today.
15. Must you go tomorrow morning?
Дата добавления: 2015-07-08; просмотров: 174 | Нарушение авторских прав
| <== предыдущая страница | | | следующая страница ==> |
| Ш. Первичная медицинская карточка. | | | История телеканала СТС. |