3. The action of the subordinate clause refers to a future time, and the action of the main clause - to the past, if a similar situation in the subordinate clause is used the so-called future in the past Future in the Past. (Adherence) For example:
Я знал, что Билл придёт ко мне после 10 часов вечера.
I knew (that) Bill would come to see me after 10 P.M.
It should be borne in mind that the modal verbs can and may have in the past tense forms: could, might. Past form called modal verbs should be used in the predicate of the subordinate clause, if the verb in the main clause as in the past tense. For example:
Он сказал, что не может прийти на вечеринку.
He said (that) he could not promise to come to the party.
Complied with the rules of tenses in subordinate additional proposals, including those in the indirect speech. In attributive, comparative, causal and other subordinate clauses, they do not work.
| Jim says (that) | it is interesting (now). it was interesting (yesterday). it will be interesting (tomorrow). |
| Jim said (that) | it was interesting (now). it had been interesting (yesterday). it would be interesting (tomorrow). |
Ex.5.Fill in the blanks using appropriate verb forms. Observe the rule of the sequence of tenses.
1. I found that my son …………………… awake.
2. The pickpocket confessed that he …………………………. (pick) my pocket.
3. He was so tired that he ……………………….. scarcely stand.
4. He said that I …………………………… a lazy good-for-nothing boy.
5. No one could explain how the prisoner ………………………….. (escape) from the prison.
6. Euclid proved that the three angles of a triangle ………………………… equal to two right angles.
7. Italy went to war that she ……………………….. (extend) her empire.
8. The passage is so difficult that I ……………………… not comprehend it.
9. The boy was so indolent that he ……………………….. not pass.
10. In my perplexity I requested my guide to tell me what I ……………………….. to do.
Задания на СРО:
Do grammar ex. 286-291 on pp. 63-64. (Голицынский Ю.Б. Грамматика английского языка. Санкт Петербург, 2003)
Unit 13
Theme: Customs. Traditions and Holidays in Great Britain
Grammar: Direct and Indirect Speech
Objectives: By the end of this unit, students should be able to use active vocabulary of this theme in different forms of speech exercises.
Students should be better at Customs. Traditions and Holidays in Great Britain
Students should know the rule of Direct and Indirect Speech.
Methodical instructions: This theme must be worked out during three lessons a week according to timetable.
Lexical material: Introduce and fix new vocabulary on theme “Customs. Traditions and Holidays in Great Britain”. Discuss in groups customs and traditions of the country. Speak about the most interesting holidays of Great Britain.
Grammar: Introduce and practice Direct and Indirect Speech.
Who are the British?
Most people in Britain are English, Scottish or Welsh, but in some British cities you can meet people of many different nationalities. There is one London street, less than 300 meters long, with businesses run by Arabs, Greeks, Indians, Italians, Jamaicans, Nigerians, Portuguese, Spanish, Turkish, as well as British.
But is Britain a cosmopolitan society? It really depends on where you go. There are large areas of Britain untouched by immigration. In 1991, 5.5 per cent of the 57 million populations described themselves as belonging to an ethnic minority of Caribbean, African or Asian origin. However, in Scotland, Wales, the north and south-west of England only 1 per cent of the population belongs to an ethnic minority. Most members of ethnic minorities live in the South-East. In Greater London, they represent 20 per cent of the population.
London's immigrants come from inside and outside Europe. There are almost the same numbers of Irish immigrants (3.8 per cent of the population) as Black Caribbean immigrants (4.4 per cent of the population). Many so-called "immigrants" are born in Britain: more than 36,000 Londoners born in Britain describe themselves as "Black British" instead of "African" or "Afro-Caribbean".
A tradition of immigration. People have been coming to Britain for centuries: some to get a better life, some to escape natural disasters, some as political or religious refugees. Many Irish people came to England in 1845 to escape famine, but usually they came to find work. Most of the roads, railways and canals built in the nineteenth century were made by Irish workers.
The greatest wave of immigration was in the 1950s and 1960s. This happened not only in Britain, but also throughout Western Europe. Many companies needed people for unskilled or semi-skilled jobs. Britain advertised, particularly in the English-speaking islands of the Caribbean, for people to come to Britain and work. Other people came from Pakistan, Bangladesh, India and Hong Kong. Many people came to Britain in the 1950s to work in hospitals, on the buses or for the railways.
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