VOCABULARY. 30. Use the information from the text & complete this chronological chart of McDonald’s history:

chain consumer culture corner drive-in takeaway food= movie goer = representative success quality value steadily sales per day = every day to grow customer budget triumph

сеть культура потребителя угол, уголок the food which you buy sitting in the car & can take with you cinemagoer представитель успех качество цена постоянно, стабильно продажи в день расти покупатель, клиент бюджет триумф

30. Use the information from the text & complete this chronological chart of McDonald’s history:

1955 –

1967 –

1972 –

1974 –

1984 –

1990 –

now –

31. Read the text «Do we live to eat?» and find the most suitable heading for each paragraph. Remember that one heading is extra.

DO WE LIVE TO EAT?

How much food do you think you will eat by the time you are 79?

The Frenchwoman, for example, will eat: 25 cows\40 sheep\35 pigs\1200 chickens\2 tonnes of fish\13000 eggs\ 50 000 loaves of bread \…. Delicious, isn’t it? How many pigs and sheep have you already eaten?

According to World Health Organisation, Americans are the fattest people in the world. 55% of women and 63% of men are overweight or obese. «Compared to Europeans, Americans eat all the time. At the hairdressers, in the cars, during college lecture, at the cinema. Though America is the world leader in obesity, Europe tries to catch up too. Russia also has some of the heaviest people in Europe. Even in such countries as France, Italy, Sweden people (especially women) are becoming fat.

If you are young, do not think that it is not your problem. Teenagers, too, are getting fat. Statistics shows that the favourite foods among teenagers both in Europe and in USA are: hamburgers, chips, hot dogs, pizza.

Another reason is the lack of exercise. We spend too much time in front of our computers and TV-sets. We walk less, because we prefer to use cars and public transport. We live in the era of fast food culture. We are always in a hurry. We have no time to relax and enjoy meal. We want to eat now and we want to eat fast. Every day a new Mc Donald`s restaurant opens somewhere on our planet. Soon American food will take over the whole world.

Doctors say that chips and pizza are fattening, Coca-Cola spoils our teeth, and coffee shortens our lives. If you eat too much you will become obese and obesity leads to heart disease. Some scientists think that our food influences not only our bodies but our spirits as well. Food with lots of fat and sugar can make you violent. Natural food, like fresh vegetables and fruit with lots of vitamins and minerals can make you intelligent, optimistic. More and more people become vegetarians. A diet free from meat has all the vitamins, minerals you need. And you can live longer as a veggie! A vegetarian diet is not only healthy but also kind. Animals, you eat, pigs, chicken are locked in boxes. If you really care about animals – stop to eat them.

What is tasty is not always healthy.

32. Discuss the following questions:

Do you like fast food?

What kinds of fast food do you know and which do you prefer?

How can it influence our health?

What are the advantages and disadvantages of fast food?

What can you tell about fast food in our country?

Where is it sold?

Are you a vegetarian?

What is your attitude to such people?

What is the future of fast food?

33. Write an essay «Do you eat to live or do you live to eat?»

34. Make up a topic «Meals».
TEXTS FOR ADDITIONAL READING

TV IN OUR LIFE

It is almost impossible to imagine our life without TV. It plays a great and a very important role in the life of modern man. There is practically no family that doesn't have a TV set. TV is one of the mass media kinds. Radio and newspapers tell us about different events but TV not only tells but also shows. TV has a lot of channels and everybody can watch the programs he likes. Our television suggests various programs: talk show and game show, news and sporting events, about animals and about foreign countries and so on. Soaps-lovers can watch their favorite films almost every day. TV shows us a lot of films of different countries: detective and melodrama, comedy and thriller. As former I like to see adventure films, fantasy, comedies. My favorite sporting events programs are about volleyball, swimming, track-and-field athletics and gymnastic. I watch many programs with great interest. These programs are: a wild nature program, «Anshlag», some game shows and so on. There are a lot of films (most of them of foreign TV-companies) with a great number of corpses, with seas of blood now. It's not very good to my mind. I think that one of the aims of TV is to bring up TV-viewers, to cultivate love to our country, kindness and other positive features of character.

TELEVISION

Television, also called TV, is one of our most important means of communication. It brings moving pictures and sounds from around the world into millions of homes.

The name «Television» comes from Greek word meaning «far», and a Latin word meaning «to see», so the word «television» means «to see far».

About three-fourths of the 1500 TV stations in the US are commercial stations. They sell advertising time to pay for their operating costs and to make profit. The rest are public stations, which are non-profit organizations.

Commercial TV stations broadcast mostly entertainment programs because they must attract larger number of viewers in order to sell advertising time at high prices. These programs include light dramas called situation comedies; action-packed dramas about life of detectives, police officers, lawyers and doctors; shows featuring comedians, dancers and singers; movies; quiz shows; soap operas; cartoons. Commercial TV broadcasts also documentaries and talk shows. Documentary is dramatic, but nonfictional presentation of information. It can be programs about people, animals in faraway places or programs on such issues as alcoholism, drug abuse, racial prejudice. On talk shows a host interviews politicians, TV and movie stars, athletes, authors. There are also sport programs and brief summaries of local, national and international news. Advertising is an important part of commercial TV. Commercials appear between and during most programs. They urge viewers to buy different kinds of products – from dog food to hair spray, and from cars to insurance policies.

Public television focuses mainly on education and culture. There are programs on wide range of subjects – from physics and literature to cooking and yoga. Public TV also broadcasts plays, ballets, symphonies as well as programs about art and history. Public TV attracts fewer viewers than commercial TV.

DEVELOPING OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS

I would like to tell you about telecommunications and their developing.

We cannot deny the role of telecommunications in our life. The Internet, phones, telegraph, cell phones, radio, television are all the means of communication or telecommunication. Nowadays we live in information era, when information is the key and engine of progress. Our society needs perfect means of information exchange that is why all types of telecommunication are under the permanent developing.

Currently hundreds of millions of people use wireless communication means. Cell phone is no longer a symbol of prestige but a tool, which lets to use working time more effectively. Considering that the main service of a mobile connection operator is providing high quality connection, much attention in the telecommunication market is paid to the spectrum of services that cell network subscriber may receive.

Today we can easily connect to the Internet using our cell phone or to take a picture or to take a short movie, using our video cell phone.

Late in the nineteenth century, communication facilities were augmented by a new invention – telephone. In the USA its use expanded slowly and by 1900 the American Telephone and Telegraph Company controlled 855,000 telephones.

After 1900, telephone installations extended much more rapidly in all the wealthier countries. The number of telephones in use in the world grew at almost 100 per cent per decade. But long-distance telephone services gradually developed and began to compete with telegraphic business. A greater contribution to long-range communication came with the development of wireless technology.

Before the outbreak of the First World War wireless telegraphy was established as a means of regular communication with ships at sea and provided a valuable supplement to existing telegraph lines. In the next few years the telephone systems of all the chief countries were connected with each other by radio. Far more immediate was the influence that radio had through broadcasting and by television, which followed it at an interval of about twenty-five years.

Telephones are as much a part of infrastructure of our society as roads or electricity, and competition will make them cheaper. Losses from lower prices will be countered by higher usage. Most important of all, by cutting out the need to install costly cables and microwave transmitters, the new telephones could be a boon to the remote and poor regions of the earth. Even today, half the world's population lives more than two hours away from a telephone.

Satellite phones are not going to deliver all their benefits at once.

Lots of other new communication services – on-line film libraries, personal computers that can send video-clips and sound-bites as easily as they can be used for writing letters, terrestrial mobile-telephone systems cheap enough to replace old sets – are already technically possible.

FAMOUS AMERICAN ACTOR

Kevin Costner, a famous American actor, was born in Los Angeles. He spent his childhood often on the move, changing schools frequently, owing to his father’s job at the regional electricity company. As a teenager, he developed a keen liking for football, baseball and basket-ball and was also interested in singing and writing poetry. He married his college sweetheart Cindy whilst still at California State University and came out with a business degree in marketing. In his spare time he appeared in local theatre productions. Theatre became increasingly important to him and after having worked six weeks in a marketing company; he gave the job up to become an actor. He played in many small part roles before his principle role which was not a success. However Costner himself was given good reviews. In 1987 his starring role in «The Untouchables» and «No Way Out» really introduced him to international fame. Indeed, he won the Star of Tomorrow prize from the U. S. National Association of Theatre Owners. Then in 1988 came «Bull Durham» which was a huge hit movie in the States about baseball. His subsequent film «Field of Dreams» was also a success and touched baseball again. Then came the violent drama movie «Revenge» followed by his first directorial debut film «Dances With Wolves» in which he also starred and which won 7 Oscars. His movie «Robin Hood, Prince of the Thieves» was also a great success. I like this actor because the characters he plays are strong personalities, wise people who are worthy of my admiration. In my opinion, this is the reason of his growing popularity in many, countries. He is not only a talented actor, who’s acting draws your attention from the very moment you see his face on the screen. But he is also a successful producer and continues working at his new films which are certain to amuse the people.

MY NATIVE TOWN

Well, my native town is Gomel. I’ve been born here and I’m a long time resident of this city. I’m fond of this place and always talk willingly about the town and wonderful people who live in it.

Gomel is situated in a picturesque place. The landscape in this part of the country is very beautiful – a wide river Sozh with sandy banks and large forest areas is stretching for many kilometers.

I’d like to say that there are a lot of legends connected with the name of my home town, but the most believable is that Gomel got its name from a small river Gomeyuka that flows into the Sozh.

Gomel is the second largest town in our Republic and the largest town in Belarusian Polesye. It covers an area of about 120 square kilometers and has a lot of suburbs. The population of the town is about 600 thousands citizens. My home town has several twin-towns, among them there are: Chernigov in the Ukraine, Aberdeen in Scotland, St. Petersburg in Russia, Guttenberg in Germany, Zelengura in Poland, etc.

Maybe you are a bit bored by the statistics, and I’d rather tell you about the history of my native town.

First of all, I’d like to mention that it has a long history. Gomel, as a town was first mentioned in the chronicles in 1142. Distant ancestors of the present day Gomel citizens Radimichi, were strong, courageous, freedom loving and full of endurance people. Like other Slavs tribes they often had to take up arms to defend their motherland first against the devastating inroads of Northmen and later against the fearful Tatar yoke and the crusades of German knights.

For more than four centuries Gomel stayed dominated by Lithuanian and Polish princes. In 1772 the Eastern part of Belarus, including Gomel, was joined to the Russian Empire.

1941 the peaceful, creative labor of the Soviet people was interrupted by a sudden attack of the fascist Germany. Thousands of Gomel citizens left for the front and those who stayed in the town worked selflessly to contribute to the victory. The struggle never ceased for a day during the occupation. On the 26-th of November, 1943 Gomel was liberated from the aggressors, but citizens of our town will never forget what their town looked like. Soon the town was raised from the ruins, and in the early fifties the industry had reached the pre-war level. Among the main branches were paper, textile and food industries. Nowadays there are a lot of various plants and factories in our town, such as factory «Spartac», Gomselmash, factory «The 8^th of March», plant named after Kirov and others.

Gomel has always been a cultural centre. Here one can find a great amount of houses of culture, libraries, musical schools and schools of art. We also have the Drama Theatre, regional philharmonic, state and social museums. Great happiness both to children and adults bring bright performances under the dome of Gomel Circus.

But the beloved place of Gomel citizens is our park. A shady park where a number of rare exotic trees grow alongside with oak, limes, maples and elms, which are very popular in our country, stretches around a marvelous building – the Palace of count Paskevich. The construction of the Palace Complex was started on the bank of the river Sozh in 1785 by the willing of colonel Rumyantsev, who had neither wife nor children, that’s why after his death Gomel had been given to the Empire Treasury and later to count Paskevich. He continued the construction of the Palace Complex and some other architectural monuments such as St. Peter and Paul’s Cathedral and a chapel with a family vault. I’d like to admit that nowadays Gomel park as well as the Palace Complex is under protection of UNESCO.

I like Gomel very much and I think if I were proposed to change my town for a village, I would refuse. Of course, I can’t deny that life in a big city or town has a lot of disadvantages. The firstly, the life in a big city is much more stressful than in the country. Drivers suffer from car crashes; pedestrians curse rush hours, constant queuing and irregularity of public transport. There are a lot of unemployed people in big towns and the cost of living is very high. Besides, I find the city as easier place to make friends in. Another reason, why I like living in the town is because there is so much going on. And it is needless to say that the citizens are more advantaged in education and employment.

And in the end I’d like to say I consider Gomel one of the best towns in our Republic. It’s a wonderful and beautiful place to live in, so I don’t want to change it for another place of living.

MOSCOW

Moscow is the capital of Russia. It is one of the biggest and most beautiful cities in the world. Moscow is a modern city now. The population of the city is about 11.8 million people. Moscow is a political centre, where the government of our country works. Moscow was founded in 1147 by Yuri Dolgoruky. The total area of Moscow is about nine hundred square kilometres.

We say that Moscow is a port of five seas, as the Moscow-Volga Canal links Moscow with the Baltic, White, Caspian and Black seas and the Sea of Azov.

Moscow is an industrial centre too. There are many factories and plants in it. One of the best-known plants produces many lorries, and the other one produces cars.

The Bolshoi Theatre is one of the famous theatres all over the world. If you are fond of painting you can go to the Tretyakov Art Gallery or to the Pushkin Fine Arts Museum and see a lot of interesting portraits and landscapes there. We say that the Tretyakov Art Gallery is a treasure-house of Russian art. Young people like to visit the Central Military Museum. There are many tanks, guns and war documents there.One can see the Kremlin and Red Square in the city. Besides there are many fine buildings, wide streets, green parks, large squares, churches and monuments in Moscow.It is necessary to mention such famous monuments as monuments to the Great Russian writer Alexander Pushkin and to the first Russian printer Ivan Fedorov.Visiting the capital a lot of foreigners from all over the world come to see these monuments.

One of the highest buildings in Moscow is the State Moscow University. It was founded in 1755 by the great scientist Mikhail Lomonosov.

Moscow is a very big city, and its transport must be comfortable and fast.One can see a lot of cars, buses, trolley-buses, trams in the streets of this city. The Moscow metro began its work on the 15th of May, 1935. There were 13 stations at that time. Now it has 190 stations. Our metro is a beautiful and convenient one.

There are nine railway stations in Moscow and five airports around the city.

There are many stadiums in Moscow. The Central Stadium is in Luzhniki. Many competitions and football matches are held there.The Olympic village was built for the 22nd Olympic Games in Moscow in 1980. It is a big complex for sport games.

I live in Moscow and I am proud of this city.

EATING OUT

At the restaurant

In all large cities there are plenty of restaurants, cafés, cafeterias, self-service dining-rooms, etc. All the large hotels have dining-rooms or restaurants.

You can have breakfast, dinner, lunch or supper at any restaurant. Every restaurant offers you dinners «table d’hôte». These meals are known as regular dinners. It means that you are served with meals of several courses, at a fixed price. «Table d’hôte» is cheaper than «table à la carte». «Table à la carte» means such meals which are ordered course by course, from the menu card, each dish separately.

At the restaurant each little party of guests has its own table. In the evening you can see several people dancing at the far end of the room, near the orchestra. One of the waiters is standing near the table where there are cold dishes of various kinds. He is holding a tray with two wine-glasses on it. He has put the bottle of wine into the ice-bucket to keep it cool.

In summer, when it is very hot, you can also order cold, refreshing beverages, such as: soda-water, juice, lemonade or beer. In summer people also eat a lot of ice-cream.

At a restaurant you can get all kinds of meals, hot dishes as well as cold ones.

Take-away restaurants

Take-away restaurants are very popular. It is cheaper than eating in the restaurant and you can even order by phone and have all the food brought to your home.

The traditional Fish and Chip Shop is still popular but there are more and more Pizzerias and Burger Bars, too.

Pubs

The «Pub» or «Public House» is part of the British tradition. It is a place where you can meet people, chat, listen to music, play darts and, of course, have a drink. The most common drink served is beer (called ale, bitter, stout or lager), but you can also choose wine, cocktails, spirits or soft (non-alcoholic) drinks.

Most pubs serve food, too. Children under 14 are not allowed into pubs but they can stay in the garden (when the weather is fine!). Teenagers between 14 and 18 can enter but cannot drink alcohol (not even beer). The law is very strict and Landlord (the manager of the pub) can refuse entry if he prefers.

MEALS AND COOKING AROUND THE WORLD:
ENGLAND AND UKRAINE

Living in Ukraine one cannot but stick to a Ukrainian diet. Keeping this diet for an Englishman is fatal. The Ukrainians have meals four times a day and their cuisine is quite intricate.

Every person starts his or her day with breakfast. Poor Englishmen are sentenced to either a continental or an English breakfast. From the Ukrainian point of view, when one has it continental it actually means that one has no breakfast at all, because it means drinking a cup of coffee and eating a bun. A month of continental breakfasts for some Ukrainians would mean starving. The English breakfast is a bit better, as it consists of one or two fried eggs, grilled sausages, bacon, tomatoes and mushrooms. The English have tea with milk and toast with butter and marmalade. As a choice one may have corn flakes with milk and sugar or porridge.

In Ukraine people may have anything for breakfast. Some good-humoured individuals even prefer soup but, of course, sandwiches and coffee are very popular. One can easily understand that in Great Britain by one o’clock people are very much ready for lunch. Lunch is the biggest meal of the day. That would be music for a Ukrainian’s ears until he or she learns what lunch really consists of. It may be a meat or fish course with soft drinks followed by a sweet course.

The heart of a Ukrainian person fills with joy when the hands of the clock approach three o’clock. His or her dinner includes three courses. A Ukrainian will have a starter (salad, herring, cheese, etc.), soup, steaks, chops, or fish fillets with garnish, a lot of bread, of course, and something to drink. The more – the better. At four or five the Ukrainians may have a bite: waffles, cakes with juice, tea, cocoa, or something else.

In Great Britain they have dinner at five or six. Soup may be served then, but one should not be misled by the word «soup». British soup is just thin paste and a portion is three times smaller than in Ukraine. A lot of British prefer to eat but «Fish and Chips» shops are very popular with their take-away food. The more sophisticated public goes to Chinese, Italian, seafood or other restaurants and experiments with shrimp, inedible vegetables and hot drinks.

Supper in Ukraine means one more big meal at seven. The table groans with food again. In England it is just a small snack – a glass of milk with biscuits at ten.

Most Ukrainians have never counted calories and they are deeply convinced that their food is healthy. Some housewives may admit that it takes some time to prepare all the stuff, including pickles, home-made preserves and traditional Ukrainian pies and pancakes. But they don’t seem to mind too much and boil, fry, roast, grill, broil, bake and make. Paraphrasing a famous proverb one can say: «What is a Ukrainian man’s meat is a British man’s poison».

WHY DON’T BRITISH SCHOOL-CHILDREN WANT TO EAT FRUIT AND VEGETABLES?

There are many problems that British schools are facing today. One of them is making sure that schoolchildren eat healthy food.

Gone are the days when children were thrilled with excitement at the thought of Christmas treats like oranges and tangerines or simple desserts like rice pudding. Nowadays any fruit and vegetables under the sun can be bought in supermarkets all the year round. There is only one problem with that – fruit and vegetables that are bought out of season have very little taste. On the contrary, sugar drinks like Coke and numerous varieties of flavoured crisps are full of flavour – and chemical additives! Also, most British mums of today work full time and the last thing they want to do when they get home is cook. Supermarkets are here to «help» – pre-packaged and ready-made meals have filled their shelves.

As a result, many schoolchildren would rather go hungry than eat fruit or vegetables instead of the more familiar crisps, burgers and chips. Of course, there are many families where kids still eat healthy food but the problem is certainly serious. An English primary school asked the pupils to keep a food diary and this is what one nine-year-old boy wrote:

« Before school: glass of blackcurrant squash, bottle of Coke, packet of crisps, few biscuits

At school: sandwich, two chocolate biscuits, glass of orange juice.

After school: microwavable chips, pizza, three drinks of Coke.»

There's nothing wrong with having a can of Coke every now and then but four cans a day is asking for trouble. Did you know that a can of Coke contains about eight teaspoons of sugar and artificial sweeteners? As a result, many modern kids suffer from such illnesses as diabetes, cancer and tooth decay. And, of course, there are more and more children who are extremely overweight or even obese.

Unfortunately, school dinners play an important role in this sad situation. Often school dinners offer overcooked vegetables as the «healthy» option against more appealing pizza, chips and burgers.

«My school mostly sells chips with everything you can think of – chips and pizza, chips and cheese, chips and gravy... It does of course sell some healthy things but the thing is they look extremely boring! Plus not many people eat them thinking it's not cool!» says 13-year-old Anna Smith.

In Britain, children can either choose to bring their own lunch or buy their lunch at school. Children from poorer families can have free school dinners but many of them don't take them for various reasons. Here are some of the common complaints:

«I hate my school dinners. The food is so disgusting!»

SAD FACTS

A recent survey showed that

· One child in ten in Britain eats no fruit

· 50% drink no fruit juice

· Six out of ten kids eat no vegetables

· One child in ten is overweight

· One child in 25 is obese

· Over 40% of girls aged 14 and 15 go to school without eating breakfast because they want to look like fashion models and pop stars.

«I never have school dinner because it's the same food day in, day out».

«Our dinners are always cold»!

But it's not all bad. Some British schools are making a real effort to help their pupils make the right food choices. Some run competitions for the «healthiest» class of the week or produce information leaflets to encourage their pupils eat healthily. And most important of all, they make sure that school dinners are tasty as well as healthy.

DID YOU KNOW?

Scientists say that if you want to stay healthy you should eat five different portions of fruit and vegetables every day. Fresh, dried, frozen fruit and veg – all count.

AMERICAN FOOD

What is American food? Hamburgers and hot dogs? Fried сhiсkеn and giant steaks? Well? Yes. But spaghetti and pizza are American too, and sо is sweet and sour pork. The fact is that Americans еаt every kind of food imaginable. Тhere are, fоr еxаmplе, mоге than 1.000 Chinese restaurants in New-York City alone.

AS AMERICAN AS APPLE PIE

At the same time, реорlе in the States still like to think of some kinds of fооd as especially American. They like the idеа of the Аmeriсаn family sitting around the table eating turkey at Thanksgiving. They like to think оf «Моm» аs the best сook in the world, even if their own mother never did much cooking. «Аs American as аррlе рiе», and «Like Mother makes it» аге рорulаr expressions.

Тhе truth is, though, that families in the US еаt together less оften than they used to. Instead оf meeting at the dinner table, families оftеn meet in the kitchen, around the refrigerator. Тhеге's no time fоr оld-fashioned cooking. Quick snaсk аll through the dау have taken its рlасе. And to save trouble, реорlе еat wherever they like, in the street, in front of the TV, or at their desks.

An enormous fast-food industry gives hungry Americans the snacks they want when they want them. Ice cream, popcorn, and hot dogs are on sale everywhere. Best known, perhaps, is the McDonald's hamburger business.

But if more and more Americans eat fast food, more and more Americans also worry about it. Fast food makes you fat, and Americans are the fattest people in the world. They are also the most interested in their health, and snack food is not healthy. The fashion for health food is growing all the time. Among middle-class people, salads, beans, and fruit have taken the place of steak and ice cream. Drinking is going down too. Only 67 percent of adults drink alcohol at all, and one-third of those drink less than they used to. Smart businesspeople order mineral water, not wine, at their business lunches.

Being fat, in fact, can cause real problems for an American. He or she will rind it harder to get a good job, or even to make friends. If you want to do well, you must he thin. It doesn't seem fair, does it? Advertisers and fast-food sellers scream at people to eat, eat, eat. But inside there is another voice saving «stop, stop, stop».

THE HISTORY OF MCDONALD’S

1937 The McDonald brothers, Dick and Mack, open a little drive-in restaurant in Pasadena California. They serve hot dogs and milk shakes.

1945 They have 20 waiters. All the teenagers in town eat hamburgers there.

1948 They get paper boxes and bags for the hamburgers. They put the price down from 30 cents to 15 cents. They cut the menu down from 25 things to only 9. There are no more waiters – it is self-service. So it is cheaper and faster. And they have windows all around the kitchen – so everyone can see it is clean. Parents start bringing their children to the restaurant. Poor families eat at a restaurant for the first time.

1960s The McDonald's company opens hundreds of McDonald's restaurants all over the States.

1971 They open restaurants in Japan, Germany and Australia.

Now the McDonald's company opens a new restaurant every 8 hours! There are McDonald's restaurants in over 70 countries.

McDonald's restaurants serve almost exactly the same food in every country. But in Italy they serve beer, in Norway the McLak (salmon burger) and in the Netherlands the Groenteburger (vegetarian)!

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