Comprehension check. I. Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to the text:

I. Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to the text:

1. The Firth of Forth Bridge has nothing in common with the oldest bridge types.

2. The Forth Bridge relies on the strength of the beam spanning the distance between columns to carry its own weight.

3. The Forth Bridge was designed by structural engineers Benjamin Baker and Sir John Fowler.

4. The Bridge uses a cantilever system.

5. Suspended ends of the bridge’s beams are joined by a heavy and strong connecting span.

6. The Forth Bridge's shape results from the need to be light as possible.

7. The connecting spans of the bridge are built to be as strong and heavy as possible.

8. The Firth of Forth was the first bridge built primarily of steel (54,000 tons).

9. Such a design allows the Forth Bridge to span a much greater distance.

10. The purpose of the bridge is a roadway.

II. Answer the following questions:

1. It’s said that the Firth of Forth has much in common with the simplest and oldest bridge type. Do you agree? How can you prove the statement?

2. The bridge’s engineers Benjamin Baker and Sir John Fowler made the Firth of Forth different from a simple beam bridge. In what way?

3. What was a canteliver system used for?

4. What did the shape of the bridge result from?

5. In what way was the midsection of each beam made strong?

6. Why were the connecting spans built lightweight?

7. What materials were used to build the bridge?

8. What was the reason of building a canteliver bridge at that location?

The Firth of Forth Bridge was said to be similar to the beam bridge and at the same time it differs much from this oldest bridge type. Complete the following table to illustrate the statement:

The Firth of Forth Bridge

	Similarities with a beam bridge		Differences from a beam bridge

Text 2: Sunshine Skyway Bridge

Brief information:

Location: St. Petersburg and Bradenton, Florida, USA

Completion Date: 1987

Cost: $244 million

Length: 29,040 feet

Type: Cable-Stayed

Purpose: Roadway

Materials: Steel, concrete

Longest Single Span: 1,200 feet

Engineer(s): Figg & Muller Engineering Group

Completed in 1987, the Sunshine Skyway is the world's longest cable-stayed concrete bridge. It is probably the best known of the several dozen cable-stayed bridges that have been built in the United States since the late 1970s. Its popularity may be due to its unique color -- its cables are painted a bright taxicab yellow -- but the bridge also boasts an interesting history. The need for a lower Tampa Bay crossing can be traced back to the 1920’s when a suspension bridge was proposed. However, it met opposition from shipping interests in Tampa, who wanted a tunnel instead. All ideas of a bridge or tunnel had to be put on the shelf when World War II broke out. After World War II the idea of a bridge was resurfaced. The need for a bridge was justified due to the traffic using the Bee Line Ferry as it was the only way to get to Bradenton and points south without having to make the long drive through Tampa.

Construction began on the original Sunshine Skyway Bridge in 1950 and it was completed in 1954. The original bridge was a cantilever through-truss with a vertical clearance of 150 feet and a shipping channel clearance of 800 feet, which was adequate for ships of that era. One could admire the architecture of the major support piers on either side of the shipping channel as well as the three other support piers on the deck truss section of the bridge.

During a violent thunderstorm on the morning of May 9, 1980, the freighter Summit Venture plowed into the cantilever bridge. More than 1,000 feet of the bridge fell into the bay, killing 35 motorists and bus passengers instantly. After the Skyway disaster there was a choice that had to be made:

Repair or replace? One side wanted the bridge repaired while the other side wanted a whole new bridge. After all, two way traffic was once again being maintained on the 1954 span. A decision was made to replace the Sunshine Skyway Bridge with a cable-stayed bridge modeled after a bridge in France. The Florida Department of Transportation began construction on a safer Sunshine Skyway Bridge only days later. More than 300 precast concrete segments were linked together with high-strength steel cables to form the roadway. Protecting the new bridge from ships was a big priority, so they installed large concrete islands, called dolphins, around each of the bridge's six piers to absorb unwanted impact.

Since it opened to traffic in 1987, the sleek, new Sunshine Skyway has won dozens of engineering and design awards.

In November 2005 the Sunshine Skyway was renamed the Bob Graham Sunshine Skyway Bridge in honor of the former Florida governor who made the right decision to replace the 1954 and 1971 cantilever spans with a new cable stayed bridge.

Fast Facts:

· The dolphins around each pier were designed to withstand the impact of an 87,000-ton ship.

· Twenty-one steel cables support the roadway. The cables are sheathed in steel pipes, nine inches in diameter. The pipes were painted a brilliant yellow to reflect its location: the Sunshine State.

· Forty-foot-wide roadways run on either side of the cables. This design allows drivers to have unobstructed views of the water.

· Tampa is a busy shipping port. To ensure that navigation would not be blocked, engineers designed the bridge to soar 190 feet above the water.

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