Salary. Profit. Profit from property

Salary is money expression of a part of the national income receiving in the individual usage of working people according to quantity and quality of their spent time.

In the Republic of Kazakhstan in the conditions of the mixed socially oriented market economy usage of hired labor with simultaneous reforming of compensation is supposed. The new system of compensation includes:

1. The actual level of compensation can't be below the level established by the law about the republican budget of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

2. Removal of any restrictions on a salary (except tax)

3. Application of a contractual principle of compensation between the employer and the worker. Each worker has the right to ask protection of his rights from trade union.

In RK the state guarantee of the minimum salary and removal of restrictions on the top level of compensation that serves as means of material work incentives, growth of its productivity, and, therefore (work incentives) and efficiency of a social production is provided.

In compensation levels on spheres and branches of a national economy there are the certain distinctions caused by five provisions (principles).

1. Taking into account difficulties of work

2. Taking into account distinctions in working conditions (easy, heavy, normal, harmful)

3. Taking into account importance and priority of branch

4. Taking into account distinctions of climatic conditions of the economic region and zones.

5. Connections with results of work of a worker and his working group where he works.

The basic principles of salary formation are reflected in a tariff system.

The tariff system is a collection of standards by means of which the state organizes and regulates a salary taking into account quantitative and qualitative characteristics of labor.

Basic elements of this system are: tariff rate, tariff scale, tariff and qualifying directory.

The tariff and qualifying directory - is intended for tariffing of works and category assignment to workers. It contains characteristics of working professions.

Tariff scale is a set of tariff categories and corresponding tariff factors of compensation. This is means of formation of a salary with the help of which differentiation of compensation of workers according to their qualification is carried out.

The tariff category is an indicator of complexity of performed work and degree of qualification of a worker.

The tariff factor shows, in how many times payment of works of this category exceeds payment of works of the first category.

Tariff rate is a size of compensation of a worker of this or that category in unit of time. (hour or day).

Salary forms

Two forms of salary are used: price-work and time. The time form of payment of work is earnings of the worker with his qualification and actually fulfilled time. Payment of salary to workers is made daily monthly.

Profit.

Profit as an economic category reflects the net profit created in the sphere of production of goods in the course of business activity. The profit carries out the following functions:

1.Chartacterizes the economic effect received as a result of activity of the enterprise.

2. Stimulates a business activity

3. It isone of sources of formation of budgets of different levels.

Profit types

1. The balance profit consists:

А) from profit from selling of production, the executed works, the rendered services

B) profits from selling of fixed assets and other property of the enterprise

C) profits on unrealized operations: profit on individual share in activity of other enterprises, profit from property delivery in rent, profit from securities and so on.

2. The tax profit is an account base for profit tax charge (24 % from taxable profit)

3. Pure profit is a profit, being at the disposal of an enterprise after taxes payment and other payments. The fund of accumulation and consumption fund is formed from pure profit..

Accumulation fund is expenses on capital investments, on a gain and replenishment of current assets etc.

Consumption fund is expenses on payment of bonuses, rendering of financial support, an extra charge to pensions and so on.

4. The economic profit is a difference between revenue of firm and its expenses.

In the business world the term "profit" is often used simply for designation of a difference of the income and obvious expenses. Economists call such profit an accounting profit

5. Sometimes it is required to use concept of normal profit which is received by businessmen when the economic profit is equal to zero. The normal profit represents the income which would be brought by some resources at their best alternative use.

Property income

The credit represents a form of movement of the loan capital, that is the money given as the loan for a certain interval under condition of recoverability and satisfaction of needs of the borrower.

The credit relations assume presence of the borrower and the creditor.

By means of the credit the spare monetary capitals and the income of the enterprises of personal sector, the income of the state accumulate, turn into the loan capital which is transferred for a payment in temporary use.

The credit relations are based on the following principles:

1. trust principle

2.credit security principle, it means that loans are given on the security of something, or in case of financial guarantees.

3. the credit repayment principle is provided by timely return of the financial resources received from the creditor after completion of their use by the borrower.

4. the principle of urgency reflects need of its return to term precisely defined by the contract

5.payment principle reflects need of payment of the right of receiving and use of credit resources.

6.principle of target use of resources.

Credit forms

1. The commercial credit is the credit provided by one functioning enterprise to another in the form of sale of the goods with a delay of payment.

2. The bank credit is provided in the form of monetary capital(in the form of a sum of money) by banks and other financial institutions to businessmen and other borrowers

3. Consumer credit is provided in the form of the commercial credit (goods sale with a payment delay) and bank credit (loans for the consumer purposes)

4. State credit represents a set of the credit relations in which the state plays the role the borrower with the help of its bodies, and creditors are individuals and legal entities.

5. mortgage loan

6.international credit

Bank

- it is the organization created for attraction of money and their placement on its own behalf on the terms of repayment., payment and urgency.

There are two levels in a banking system:

1. Central banks

2. Commercial banks

The security market is the place, where there is a purchase and sale of securities. It is accepted to distinguish primary and secondary securities market. Primary securities market represents placement of securities after their emission.

The secondary securities market works with earlier issued securities.

In the field of agrarian relations the main economic relations are rent relations.

Leasing the ground to agricultural businessmen, land owners receive for it a certain payment -rent. The ground rent is paid to the land owner in the form of leasing. However the leasing quantitatively is more than a rent - it can include: a ground payment, amortization of the buildings constructed on the ground, constructions, percent on the capital invested in the ground, a part of a salary and so on.

Control questions according to the section:

1. Socially – economic essence of a salary.

2. Factors and the principles influencing level of a salary.

3. Essence of tariff system.

4. Nominal and real forms of compensation

5. Forms and salary systems in a market economy.

6. Costs of production and their types.

7. Concept of profit, its function.

8. Profit types.

9. Concept of marketing, its essence and categories.

10. Concept of the credit and its principles.

11. Concept of the credit and its form.

12. Securities market.

13. Ground rent and its forms.

Дата добавления: 2015-08-20