Stages of formation economics as a science

Economy — set of the social sciences studying production, distribution and consumption of the goods and services. The economic reality is object of economic sciences which it is subdivided on theoretical and applied.

The theoretical direction also call the economic theory — considers features of process of an exchange, distribution, a choice of a way of use of limited resources.иченных ресурсов.

The applied economy studies possibilities of the appendix of laws, theories, the offers developed by the economic theory, is direct for functioning of separate elements of economic systems.

In the IV century BC Xenophon wrote work under the name "Domestic tyranny" (other - Greek "Οἰκονομικός"), translated by Cicero on Latin as lat. Oeconomicus. The term received universal recognition after was used in the title of work of John Stewart Millya «Basis of politicheskay economy» (1848 of English «Principles of Political Economy»).

As the independent science economy was allocated in the XVIII century with issue of the book of Adam Smith «Research about the nature and the reasons of wealth of the people» (the widespread name «Wealth of the people») in 1776. However according to Y.Shumpeter's remark, internal logic of economic events understood and to Adam Smith, but at intuitive, prescientific level.

Types of economic systems • market • administrative-command • traditional • Mixed • Planned

· The functions of the economic science

· Economics performs the following functions: [1] • [2] •Cognitive Practice [3] • Predictive • Worldview [4] • Methodology • Ideological • Critical Theoretical •

The methodology of economic science

in economic science standard methods of dialectic and logic are used. General research methods include techniques such as: 1. analysis and synthesis;

2. induction and deduction.

3. the method of scientific abstraction

Common ideological method is 1. materialist dialectics

Among the private methods of research are: 1. graphic 2. aggregate, 3. mathematical modeling, 4., 5., 6. a comparative analysis of economic experiment, 7. comparison and analogy

The history of economic thought deals with different thinkers and theories in the subject that became political economy and economics from the ancient world to the present day. It encompasses many disparate schools of economic thought. Greek writers such as the philosopher Aristotle examined ideas about the art of wealth acquisition and questioned whether property is best left in private or public hands. In medieval times, scholars such as Thomas Aquinas argued that it was a moral obligation of businesses to sell goods at a just price.

Scottish philosopher Adam Smith is often cited as the father of modern economics for his treatise The Wealth of Nations (1776). His ideas built upon a considerable body of work from predecessors in the eighteenth century particularly the Physiocrats. His book appeared on the eve of the Industrial Revolution with associated major changes in the economy.

Smith's successors included such classical economists as the Rev. Thomas Malthus, Jean-Baptiste Say, David Ricardo, and John Stuart Mill. They examined ways the landed, capitalist and labouring classes produced and distributed national output and modeled the effects of population and international trade. In London, Karl Marx castigated the capitalist system, which he described as exploitative and alienating. From about 1870, neoclassical economics attempted to erect a positive, mathematical and scientifically grounded field above normative politics.^]

After the wars of the early twentieth century, John Maynard Keynes led a reaction against what has been described as governmental abstention from economic affairs, advocating interventionist fiscal policy to stimulate economic demand and growth. With a world divided between the capitalist first world, the communist second world, and the poor of the third world, the post-war consensus broke down. Others like Milton Friedman and Friedrich von Hayek warned of The Road to Serfdom and socialism, focusing their theories on what could be achieved through better monetary policy and deregulation.

As Keynesian policies seemed to falter in the 1970s there emerged the so called New Classical school, with prominent theorists such as Robert Lucas and Edward Prescott. Governmental economic policies from the 1980s were challenged, and development economists like Amartya Sen and information economists like Joseph Stiglitz introduced new ideas to economic thought in the twenty-first century.

The earliest discussions of economics date back to ancient times (e.g. Chanakya's Arthashastra or Xenophon's Oeconomicus).. In Ancient Athens, a slave based society but also one developing an embryonic model of democracy, Plato's book The Republic contained references to specialization of labour and production. But it was his pupil Aristotle that made some of the most familiar arguments, still in economic discourse today.

Aristotle's Politics (c.a. 350 BC) was mainly concerned to analyse different forms of a state (monarchy, aristocracy, constitutional government, tyranny, oligarchy, democracy). Aristotle viewed this model as an oligarchical anathema. In Politics, Book II, Part V, he argued that,

Property should be in a certain sense common, but, as a general rule, private; for, when everyone has a distinct interest, men will not complain of one another, and they will make more progress, because every one will be attending to his own business... And further, there is the greatest pleasure in doing a kindness or service to friends or guests or companions, which can only be rendered when a man has private property. These advantages are lost by excessive unification of the state.^[

Дата добавления: 2015-08-20