Make the following sentences complete by translating the words and phrases in brackets.

1. There is minimal friction between the bolt and the wood in the (болтовое соединение). 2. With the panels made of (сбор­ный железобетон), buildings up to 5 floors high can be constructed without columns or beams. 3. It is seen as an easier installation and a better solution for supporting roofs as opposed to the use of dimensional (деревянные стойки) and (обрешетина) as bracing.

4. А (швеллер) is widely used in building practice as a beam.

5. Steel is used for (каркасная конструкция) because it has high tensile and compressive strength. 6. (Деревянная балочно-сто-ечная конструкция) of residential and commercial buildings increased in the twentieth century and continues to be the standard building form. 7. Steel (уголки) tie the frame together and also provide a place to fix the top of the cladding. 8. (Пролет) is the clear distance between the supports of an arch, beam of (стро­пильная ферма). 9. A concrete (плита перекрытия) was put in place. 10. (Монолитный бетон) is strong, durable, stable, readily available and relatively economic in terms of construction and life time maintenance. 11. The thickness of (фанера) used should not be less than 6 mm in this type of shutter. 12. The roof consists of a waterproof covering and a roof structure, which is made of timber (опорная балка) and wood-wool slabs.

13. Before you read Text 7A "Structural Systems", discuss the
following questions with your groupmates or teacher.

a) Do you know what structural systems are?

b) What parts of a building can be made from wood?

c) How does laminated veneer lumber function?

d) What are I-joists used for?

e) What advantages do manufactured trusses have?

f) Why is steel one of the major structural materials?

g) What structural shapes do you know?

h) How are steel frames erected at the building site?

i) What is in situ concrete used for?

j) What is the oldest framing system?

k) What is pretensioning?

1) What methods are used to join precast elements together?

m) What is the dominant form of construction in Russia?

14. Read Text 7A to find out if your answers are right or
wrong.

• TEXT 7A

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