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History of discovery

Gold extraction . | Electronic Configurations & Oxidation States | Free elements | Compounds of copper | Compounds Cu(I). | Compounds of Ag | History | History | Synthesis | Mercury removal |


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Copper is the part of many legends, such as that of Iraq's Baghdad Battery. Copper cylinders soldered to lead, which date back to 248 B.C. to 226 A.D, resemble a galvanic cell, leading people to believe this may have been the first battery. This claim has so far not been substantiated.

The Bible also refers to the importance of copper: "Men know how to mine silver and refine gold, to dig iron from the earth and melt copper from stone".

In alchemy the symbol for copper, perhaps a stylized mirror, was also the symbol for the goddess and planet Venus.

In the Roman era, copper was principally mined on Cyprus, hence the origin of the name of the metal as Cyprium, "metal of Cyprus", later shortened to Cuprum.

The Sun symbol has long represented gold

 

  Cu Ag Au  
Content in the Earth crust, %(mol.) 3×10-3 2×10-6 5×10-8

 

All elements are encountered in nature in the free state (the largest nuggets: Cu - 420 t, Ag - 13,5 t, Au - 153 kg). Sulfides are the most important minerals of copper and provide about 90% of world output of this metal. Sulfide ores of copper: chalcopyrite (CuFeS2), bornite (Cu5FeS4), covellite (CuS), chalcocite (Cu2S). Carbonate ores are azurite (Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2), malachite (Cu2CO3(OH) 2), and the oxide cuprite (Cu2O).

Silver and gold are rare elements. Minerals of silver combined with sulfur, arsenic, antimony or chlorine are argentite (Ag2S), horn silver (AgCl), and pyrargyrite (Ag3SbS3). They are of little importance because silver is predominately mined in native form or alloyed with gold. The content of silver in industrially important ores makes up usually 50-350 g∙t-1. The principal sources of silver are the ores of copper, copper-nickel, lead, and lead-zinc obtained from Peru, Mexico, China, Australia, Chile, Poland and Serbia. Peru and Mexico have been mining silver since 1546 and are still major world producers.

Gold appears most often as a solid solution with silver, i.e. a gold silver alloy. Such alloys usually have a silver content of 8–10%. Electrum is an alloy of gold with more than 20% silver. Electrum's colour runs from golden silvery to silvery, dependent upon the silver content. The more silver, the lower the specific gravity. Gold sometimes occurs combined with tellurium as the minerals calaverite(AuTe2), krennerite(orthorhombic AuTe2 varying to Au0.8,Ag0.2Te) and as the rare bismuthide maldonite (Au2Bi) and antimonide aurostibite (AuSb2).

Recent research suggests that microbes can sometimes play an important role in forming gold deposits, transporting and precipitating gold to form grains and nuggets that collect in alluvial deposits

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Copper subgroup trends| Preparation
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