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⁹³ Roger M. Smith, "The 'American Creed' and American Identity: The Limits of Liberal Citizenship in the United States", Western Political Quarterly, 41 (June 1988),p.239, citing Eric Foner, Free soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1970); Cawelti, Apostles of the Self-Made Man, esp. p. 39ff.

⁹⁴ Cindy S. Aron, Working at Play: A History of Vacations in the United States (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), p. 236; International Labor Organization Study September 1999, cited in The Daily Yomiuri, 7 September 1999, p. 12; Prospect, No. 49 (February 2000), p. 7, citing Boston Review, December 1999-January 2000.

⁹⁵ Daniel Yankelovich, "What's Wrong— And What's Right — With U.S. Workforce Performance", The Public Perspective, 3 (May/June 1992), p. 12-14; "American Enterprise Public Opinion and Demographic Report"; Jack Citrin, et al, "Is American Nationalism Changing? Implications for Foreign Policy", International Studies Quarterly, 38 (March 1994), p. 13.

⁹⁶ New York Times, 9 May 1999, p. WK5; Shklar, American Citizenship, p. 98.

⁹⁷ Schaff, America: A Sketch of Its Political, Social, and Religious Character, p. 29; Hochschild, Facing Up to the American Dream pp. 228-29; New York Times, 11 February 1999, p. Al.

⁹⁸ Bellah, Broken Covenant, p. 179; Wills, Under God, p. 25.

⁹⁹ Alan Heimert, Religion and the American Mind, From the Great Awakening to the Revolution (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1966), p. 14, 19; Ruth H. Bloch, Visionary Republic: Millenial Themes in American Thought, 1756— 1800 (Cambridge University Press, 1985), p. xiv.

¹⁰⁰ John Adams, letter to Hezekiah Niles, 13 February 1818, in Adrienne Koch and William Peden, eds., The Selected

Writings of John and John Quincy Adams (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1946), p. 203.

¹⁰¹ Bellah, Broken Covenant, p. 44-45.

¹⁰² William W. Sweet, Revivalism in America: Its Origin, Growth, and Decline (New York: Scribners, 1944),p. 159-61.

¹⁰³ Alan P. Grimes, The Puritan Ethic and Woman Suffrage (New York: Oxford University Press, 1967), p. 102.

¹⁰⁴ Sidney Ahlstrom, "National Taruma and the Changing Religious Values", Daedalus, 107 (Winter 1978), p. 19-20.

¹⁰⁵ Al Haber, quoted in Edward J. Bacciocco, Jr., The New Left in America (Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 1974), p. 228-29.

¹⁰⁶ Walter A. McDougall, Promised Land, Crusader State: The American Encounter with the World Since 1776 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1997); and for a somewhat different view, James Kurth, "The Protestant Reformation and American Foreign Policy", Orbis, (Spring 1998), p. 221-39.

¹⁰⁷ Newsweek, 8 July 2002, p. 23-25; New York Times, 27 June 2002, p. Al, A21.

¹⁰⁸ New York Times, 27 June 2002, p. A21, 1 July 2002, p. A8, 1 March 2003, p. A2.

¹⁰⁹ New York Times, 29 Nov 1999, p. A14.

¹¹⁰ Gaines M. Foster, "A Christian Nation: Signs of a Covenant", in John Bodnar, ed. Bonds of Affection: Americans Define Their Patriotism (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996), p. 121-22; Nathan O. Hatch, The Sacred Cause of Liberty: Republican Thought and the Millennium in Revolutionary New England (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977), p. 22; Robert Middlekauff, "The Ritualization of the American Revolution", in Stanley Cohen and Lormon Ratner, eds., The Development of an American Culture (New York: St. Martin's Press, 2^nd ed., 1983), p. 50-53; Rogers M. Smith, Civic Ideals: Conflicting Visions of Citizenship in U.S. History (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997), p. 75; Michael Novak, God's Country: Taking the Declaration Seriously (Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute, 1999 Francis Boyer Lecture, 2000), p. 12-17.

¹¹¹ Quotations from Walter A. McDougall, Promised Land, Crusader State: The American Encounter with the World

Since 1776 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1997), p. 38; Robert N. Bellah, The Broken Covenant: American Civil Religion in Time of Trial (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2^nd ed., 1992), p. 180-82; Jon Butler, Awash in a Sea of Faith: Christianizing the American People (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1990), p. 214; Novak, God's Country, p. 25-26; Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America (New York: Vintage, 1945), vol. 1, p. 316.

¹¹² Sidney E. Mead, The Nation With the Soul of a Church (New York: Harper & Row, 1975), p. 78ff.

¹¹³ Butler, Awash in a Sea of Faith, p. 268.

¹¹⁴ Roger Finke and Rodney Stark, The Churching of America: 1776-1990: Winners and Losers in Our Religious Economy (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1992), p. 16-21 and passim.

¹¹⁵ Tocqueville, Democracy in America, vol. 1, p. 45, 316, 319; Philip Schaff, America: A Sketch of Its Political, Social, and Religious Character, (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1961) p. 14,75-76.

¹¹⁶ James Bryce, The American Commonwealth (London: Macmillan, 1891), vol. 2, p. 278, 577, 583; Gunnar Myrdal, An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy (New York: Harper, 1962), vol. 1, p. 11; Paul Johnson, "Writing A History of the American People" (lecture, American Enterprise Institute, Washington, D.C., 13 March 1998), p. 6; Paul Johnson, "The Almost-Chosen People", The Wilson Quarterly, 9 (Winter 1985), p. 85-86.

¹¹⁷ Gallup/CNN/USA Today Poll, 9-12 December 1999, 17-19 February 2003,9-10 December 2002, 2-4 September 2002; Quinnipiac University Poll, 4-9 June 2003; General Social Survey 2002, 6 February-26 June 2002, National Opinion Research Center, Q0118; The National Election Studies (Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan, Center of Political Studies, 1995-2000), V850; Jack Citrin, Ernst B. Haas, Christopher Muste, and Beth Reingold, "Is American Nationalism Changing? Implications for Foreign Policy", International Studies Quarterly, 38 (March 1994), p. 13, citing 1992 National Election Study.

¹¹⁸ Quinnipiac University Poll,4-9 June 2003; Gallup Poll, 17-19 February 2003, 18-20 March 2002, 22-24 July 2002, 17-29 June 2002; Gallup/CNN/USA Today Poll, 17-19 February 2003, 9-10 December 2002, 3-6 October 2002, 2-4 September 2002,28-30 June 2002,21 -23 June 2002; CBS News Poll, 28 April-1 May 2003; Time/CNN/Harris Interactive Poll, 27 March 2003; Investor's Business Daily/ Christian Science Monitor Poll, 3-8 September 2002; Boston Globe, 16 January 1999, p. A3 citing C. Kirk Hadaway and Penny Long Marler, "Did You Really Go to Church this Week? Behind the Poll Data", Christian Century, 6 May 1998, p. 472-5, and Andrew Walsh, Religion in the News, Fall 1998; Lipset, American Exceptionalism: A Double-edged Sword, p. 278; Wall Street Journal, 9 November 1990, p. A8; Economist, 29 May 1999, p. 29.

¹¹⁹ Krister Stendhal quoted in William G. McLoughlin and Robert N. Bellah, Religion in America (Boston: Beacon Press, 1968), p. xv; The Gallup Organization, The Gallup Poll: Public Opinion 1999 (Wilmington: Scholarly Resources, 2000), p. 50-56.

¹²⁰ Kenneth D. Wald, Religion and Politics in the United States (New York: St. Martin's, 1987).

¹²¹ George Bishop, "What Americans Really Believe", Free Inquiry, 9 (Summer 1999), p. 38-42.

¹²² Ronald Inglehart, Miguel Basanez, and Alejandro Moreno, Human Values and Beliefs: A Cross-Cultural Sourcebook: Political, Religious, Sexual, and Economic Norms in 43 Societies: Findings from the 1990-1993 World Values Survey (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1998), p. V9, V20, V38, V143, V146, V147, V151, V166.V176.

¹²³ Smith, Civic Ideals, p. 55-56, 56-57; Kettner, The Development of American Citizenship, p. 66-69; Linda Colley, Britons: Forging the Nation 1707-1837 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992), p. 5-6, 11-54.

¹²⁴ Smith, Civic Ideals, p. 57; Ernest Lee Tuveson, Redeemer Nation: The Idea of America's Millennial Role (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1968), chapter 5; Ruth H. Bloch, Visionary Republic: Millennial Themes in

American Thought, 1756-1800 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), p. 12; Hatch, The Sacred Cause of Liberty, p. 36-44; Kettner, The Development of American Citizenship, p. 114.

¹²⁵ Hatch, The Sacred Cause of Liberty, p. 75-76, 131; Cushing Strout, The New Heavens and New Earth: Political Religion in America (New York: Harper & Row, 1974), p. 71; Phillips, The Cousins' Wars, p. 91-100; McDougall, Promised Land, Crusader State, p. 18; Garry Wills, Under God: Religion and American Politics (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1990), p. 360-362; Bloch, Visionary Republic, p. 58-59.

¹²⁶ Ray Allen Billington, The Protestant Crusade, 1800-1860 (New York: Macmillan, 1938), p. 3-21; Theodore Maynard, The Story of American Catholicism (New York: Macmillan, 1941), p. 115.

¹²⁷ Will Herberg, Protestant, Catholic, Jew: An Essay in American Religious Sociology (Garden City: Doubleday, 1955), p. 151-52,186-87; Schaff, America, p. 73. О влиянии смешанных браков на католическую общину, включая семью епископа Джона Кэрролла, см. Joseph Agonito, The Building of an American Catholic Church: The Episcopacy of John Carroll (New York: Garland, 1988), p. 171-77.

¹²⁸ Heer, Immigration in America's Future, p. 35-37, 85-86; Billington, Protestant Crusade, chapters 15-16; Perry Miller, The Life of the Mind in America (New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, 1965), p. 56.

¹²⁹ Ivan Musicant, Empire by Default: The Spanish-American War and the Dawn of the American Century (New York: Holt, 1998), p. 17; Philip Gleason, "American Identity and Americanization", in Stephen Thernstrom, ed., Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups, (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1980), p. 31-38.

¹³⁰ Цитируется в Johnson, "The Almost-Chosen People", p. 88.

¹³¹ Edward Wakin and Joseph F. Scheuer, The De-Romanization of the American Catholic Church (New York: Macmillan, 1966), p. 15-16 and passim; Maynard, The Story of American Catholicism, p. 502; Dorothy Dohen,

Nationalism and American Catholicism (New York: Sheed &Ward, 1967), p. 71.

¹³² Peter Steinfels, New York Times Book Review, 17 August 1997, p. 20.

¹³³ Ronald Inglehart and Marita Carballo, "Does Latin America Exist? (And is There a Confucian Culture?): A Global Analysis of Cross-Cultural Differences", PS: Political Science & Politics, 30 (March 1997), p. 44; Ronald Inglehart, "The Clash of Civilizations? Empirical Evidence from 61 Societies" (Paper presented at Annual Meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago, 23-25 April 1998), p. 9-10.

¹³⁴ Dohen, Nationalism and American Catholicism, p. 171; Schaff, America, p. 72-73; Herberg, Protestant, Catholic, Jew, p. 100, 152-154; Dohen, Nationalism and American Catholicism, p. 171.

¹³⁵ John Ireland, The Church and Modern Society: Lectures and Addresses (St. Paul: Pioneer Press, 1905), p. 58, quoted in Dohen, Nationalism and American Catholicism, p. 109 and 165.

¹³⁶ Kwam Anthony Appiah, "The Multiculturist Misunderstanding", New York Review of Books, 9 October 1997, p. 31.

¹³⁷ Tocqueville, Democracy in America, 1, p. 314-15; Bryce, The American Commonwealth, vol. 2, p. 576-77.

¹³⁸ The People v. Ruggles, 8 Johns. 295 (1811); Wills, Under God, p. 424; David J. Brewer, The United States: A Christian Nation (Philadelphia: John C. Winston, 1905); Justice Sutherland, U.S. v. Macintosh, 283 U.S. 605 (1931), 633-34; Justice David J. Brewer, Church of the Holy Trinity v. U.S., 143 US 457 (1892), 465, 471; Justice William O. Douglas, Zorach v. Clauson, 343 U.S. 306 (1952), 312; Foster, "A Christian Nation: Signs of a Covenant", p. 122, 134-135; Thomas C. Reeves, "The Collapse of the Mainline Churches", in Robert Royal ed., Reinventing the American People: Unity and Diversity Today (Washington, D.C.: Ethics and Public Policy Center, 1995), p. 204-205.

¹³⁹ Quoted in Marsden, Fundamentalism and American Culture, p. 12.

¹⁴⁰ Russell Shorto, "Belief by the Numbers", New York Time Magazine, 7 December 1997, p. 60; Barna Research Group results in The American Enterprise, 6 (November/ December 1995), p. 12, 19; CUNY survey, New York Times, 10 April 1991, p. A1; National Election Studies.

¹⁴¹ Diana Eck, "Neighboring Faiths: How Will Americans Cope with Increasing Religious Diversity?" Harvard Magazine (September/October 1996), p. 40; New York Times, 29 January 2000, p. A11.

¹⁴² Will Kymlicka, Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), p. 114-115, 223; Jeff Spinner, The Boundaries of Citizenship: Race, Ethnicity, and Nationality in the Liberal State (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994), p. 174-75.

¹⁴³ New York Times, 10 April 1991, p. A1, A16, 24 April 2000, p. A11; New York Times Magazine, 7 December 1997, p. 60; Philip Jenkins, The Next Christendom: The Coming of Global Christianity (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), p. 102-05.

¹⁴⁴ Trollope quoted in Seymour Martin Lipset, The First New Nation: The United States in Historical and Comparative Perspective (New York: Norton, 1979), p. 156; Eisenhower quoted in Johnson, "Almost Chosen People", p. 87, citing Christian Century magazine interview.

¹⁴⁵ Irving Kristol, "On the Political Stupidity of the Jews", Azure: Ideas for the Jewish Nation (Autumn 5760/1999), p. 60, cited by The Wilson Quarterly, 24 (Winter 2000), p. 87.

¹⁴⁶ Karl Zinsmeister, "Indicators", American Enterprise, 9 (November/December 1998), p. 19ff.; George Gallup, Jr., and Jim Castelli, The People's Religion: American Faith in the 90"s (New York: Macmillan, 1989), p. 18,91.

¹⁴⁷ Wills, Under God, p. 388, n28; Andrew M. Greeley, Religious Change in America, (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1989), p. 8, 44-50, 115-116; Gallup and Castelli, The People's Religion, p. 36.

¹⁴⁸ Gallup and Castelli, The People's Religion, p. 6,11 -13, 30, 31, 36; Gallup/CNN/USA Today Poll, 9-10 December 2002, 2-4 September 2002; Andrew M. Greeley, "American

Exceptionalism: The Religious Phenomenon", in Byron E. Shafer, ed., Is America Different?: A New Look at American Exceptionalism (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), p. 99.

¹⁴⁹ Butler, Awash in a Sea of Faith, p. 238, 268-70; Finke and Stark, The Churching of America, p. 15-16.

^l50 Tocqueville, Democracy in America, vol. 2, p. 6; Robert N. Bellah, Varieties of Civil Religion (San Francisco: Harper &Row, 1980), p. 17.

¹⁵¹ Justice Douglas, Zorach v. Clawson, 343 U. S. 306 (1952), 313; President Eisenhower, quoted in Mead, The Nation with the Soul of a Church, p. 25.

¹⁵² Conrad Cherry, "Two American Sacred Ceremonies: Their Implications fore the Study of Religion in America", American Quarterly, 21 (Winter 1969), p. 748.

¹⁵³ W. Lloyd Warner, "An American Sacred Ceremony", in Russell E. Richey and Donald G. Jones, eds., American Civil Religion (New York: Harper & Row, 1974), p. 89-113.

¹⁵⁴ Peter Steinfels, "Beliefs: God at the Inauguration: An Encounter That Defies American Notions About Church and State", New York Times, 23 January 1993, p. 7.

¹⁵⁵ D. W. Brogan, The American Character (New York: Vintage, 1959), p. 164.

¹⁵⁶ Bellah, Varieties of Civil Religion, p. 11-13; Cherry, "Two American Sacred Ceremonies", p. 749-50.

¹⁵⁷ Isaiah Berlin, "Nationalism: Past Neglect and Present Power", Partisan Review, 46 (No. 3,1979), p. 348, quoted in John Mack, "Nationalism and the Self", The Psychohistory Review, 2 (Spring 1983), p. 47-48; Anthony D. Smith, National Identity (Reno: University of Nevada Press, 1991), p. 143; Wilbur Zelinsky, Nation into State: The Shifting Symbolic Foundations of American Nationalism (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press 1988), p. 1.

¹⁵⁸ Benjamin Franklin quoted in Max Savelle, "Nationalism and Other Loyalties in the American Revolution", American Historical Review, 67 (July 1962), p. 903.

¹⁵⁹ S. M. Grant, "'The Charter of Its Birthright': The Civil War and American Nationalism", Nations and Nationalism, 4 (April 1998), p. 163.

¹⁶⁰ Richard L. Merritt, Symbols of American Community, 1735-1775 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1966), p. 174, 180.

¹⁶¹ John M. Murrin, "A Roof Without Walls: The Dilemma of American National Identity", in Richard Beeman, Stephen Botein, and Edward С Carter II, eds., Beyond Confederation: Origins of the Constitution and American National Identity (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1987), p. 339; Merritt, Symbols of American Community, p. 58.

¹⁶² Albert Harkness, Jr., "Americanism and Jenkins' Ear", Mississippi Valley Historical Review, 37, (June 1950), p. 88; E. McClung Fleming, "Symbols of the United States: From Indian Queen to Uncle Sam", in Ray B. Browne, Richard H. Crowder, Virgil L. Lokke, and William T. Stafford, eds., Frontiers of American Culture (Lafayette, IN: Purdue University Studies, 1968), p. 4.

¹⁶³ Merritt, Symbols of American Community p. 56, 125, 144, Table 8-2.

¹⁶⁴ Fisher Ames quoted in Daniel J. Boorstin, The Americans: The National Experience (New York: Random House, 1966), p. 403,416; Elbridge Gerry quoted in Max Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787: Proceedings, vol. 1 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1966), p. 552; Anders Stephanson, Manifest Destiny: American Expansion and the Empire of Right (New York: Hill & Wang, 1995), p. 30; Henry Steele Commager, Jefferson, Nationalism, and the Enlightenment (New York: George Braziller, 1975), p. 162; John Marshall quoted in Paul Johnson, A History of the American People (New York: HarperCollins, 1997), p. 423; John Calhoun, Letter to Oliver Dyer, 1 January 1849; John Bodnar, Remaking America: Public Memory, Commemoration, and Patriotism in the Twentieth Century (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992), p. 21ff; Zelinsky, Nation into State, p. 218.

¹⁶⁵ Commager, Jefferson, Nationalism, and the Enlightenment, p. 159.

¹⁶⁶ Seymour Martin Lipset, The First New Nation: The United States in Historical and Comparative Perspective (New York: Norton, 1979), p. 18ff.

¹⁶⁷ Zelinsky, Nation into State, p. 218.

¹⁶⁸ Boorstin, The Americans, p. 362-65.

¹⁶⁹ Ibid., p. 370, 373, 367.

¹⁷⁰ Bodnar, Remaking America, p. 21, 26; Stuart McConnell, "Reading the Flag: A Reconsideration of the Patriotic Cults of the 1890's", in John Bodnar, ed., Bonds of Affection: Americans Define Their Patriotism (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996), p. 107; Lyn Spillman, Nation and Commemoration: Creating National Identities in the United States and Australia (New York: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge, 1997), p. 24; Zelinsky, Nation into State, p. 218-19.

¹⁷¹ Abraham Lincoln, "The Perpetuation of our Political Institutions", speech, 27 January 1837, Springfield, IL, in The Speeches of Abraham Lincoln (New York: Chesterfield Society, 1908), p. 9-10.

¹⁷² Merle Curti, The Roots of American Loyalty (New York: Columbia University Press, 1946), p. 169-170.

¹⁷³ Boorstin, The Americans p. 402; Gaines M. Foster, "A Christian Nation: Signs of a Covenant", in Bodnar, ed., Bonds of Affection, p. 123; Spillman, Nation and Commemoration,

p. 24-25.

¹⁷⁴ Morton Keller, Affairs of State: Public Life in Late Nineteenth Century America (Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1977), p. 39; Willard Saulsbury quoted in Keller, Affairs of State, p. 69.

¹⁷⁵ John Higham, Strangers in the Land: Patterns of American Nativism, 1860-1925 (New Brunswick, N. J.: Rutgers University Press, 1988), p. 344.

¹⁷⁶ Robert D. Putnam, Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000), p. 384ff, citing Theda Skocpol, "How Americans Became Civic", in Theda Skocpol and Morris P. Fiorina, eds., Civic Engagement in American Democracy (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 1999).

¹⁷⁷ Cecilia Elizabeth O'Leary, To Die For: The Paradox of American Patriotism (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999), p. 49.

¹⁷⁸ Zelinsky, Nation into State, p. 105-106, 106; McConnell, "Reading the Flag", p. 113.

¹⁷⁹ Higham, Strangers in the Land, p. 75-76.

¹⁸⁰ Cecilia Elizabeth O'Leary, '"Blood Brotherhood: ' The Racialization of Patriotism, 1865-1918", in Bodnar, ed., Bonds of Affection, p. 54, 73, 75-76; Curti, The Roots of American Loyalty, p. 192.

¹⁸¹ O'Leary, "'Blood Brotherhood,'" in Bodnar, ed., Bonds of Affection, p. 57-58, 64; Higham, Strangers in the Land, p. 170-71.

¹⁸² Zelinsky, Nation into State, p. 144, citing Boyd С Shafer, Faces of Nationalism: New Realities and Old Myths (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1972), p. 203; O'Leary, "'Blood Brotherhood,'" p. 65, citing Bessie Louise Pierce, Public Opinion and the Teaching of History in the United State (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1926), p. 13-16.

¹⁸³ Curti, Roots of American Loyalty, p. 190.

¹⁸⁴ Zelinsky, p. 29, 56, 150; Bessie Louise Pierce, Civic Attitudes in American School Textbooks (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1930), p. 254.

¹⁸⁵ Zelinsky, Nation into State, p. 86-88.

¹⁸⁶ Catherine Albanese, "Requiem for Memorial Day: Dissent in the Redeemer Nation", American Quarterly, 26 (1974), p. 389; Zelinsky, Nation into State, p. 74.

¹⁸⁷ Zelinsky, Nation into State, p. 204-5.

¹⁸⁸ Ibid., p. 202-3; O'Leary, To Die For, p. 201-24; Boleslaw Mastai and Marie-Louise D'Orange, The Stars and Stripes: The American Flag As Art and As History from the Birth of the Republic to the Present (New York: Knopf, 1973), p. 130, quoted in Zelinsky, Nation into State, p.202-3.

¹⁸⁹ O'Leary, To Die For, p. 233-234, citing Halter v. Nebraska 205 U. S. 34-46 and quoting Halter et at. v. State 105 Northwestern Reporter, p. 298-301.

¹⁹⁰ J. Hector St. John de Crevecoeur, Letters from an American Farmer and Sketches of 18 ^th -Century America (New York: Penguin, 1981), p. 68, 70; Israel Zangwill, The Melting Pot: A Drama in Four Acts (New York: Arno Press, 1975), p. 184.

¹⁹¹ Milton M. Gordon, Assimilation in American Life: The Role of Race, Religion, and National Origin (New York: Oxford University Press, 1964), p. 89; Michael Novak, Further

Reflections on Ethnicity (Middletown, PA: Jednota Press,1977),p.59.

¹⁹² Horace M. Kallen, The Structure of Lasting Peace: An Inquiry into the Motives of War and Peace (Boston: Marshall Jones Company, 1918), p. 31; Horace M. Kallen, Cultural Pluralism and the American Ideal: An Essay in Social Philosophy (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1956); Horace M. Kallen, Culture and Democracy in the United States: Studies in the Group Psychology of the American Peoples (New York: Boni and Liveright, 1924).

¹⁹³ Philip Gleason, Speaking of Diversity: Language and Ethnicity in Twentieth-Century America (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992), p. 51.

¹⁹⁴ Randolph Bourne quoted in T. Alexander Aleinkoff, "A Multicultural Nationalism", American Prospect, no. 36 (January-February 1998), p. 81.

¹⁹⁵ Arthur Mann, The One and the Many: Reflections on the American Identity (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979), p. 137, 142-47.

¹⁹⁶ Theodore Roosevelt quoted in Gordon, Assimilation in American Life, p. 122 from Edward N. Saveth, American Historians and European Immigrants, 1875-1925 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1948), p. 121.

¹⁹⁷ Robert A. Carlson, The Quest for Conformity: Americanization Through Education (New York: John Wiley,

1975), p. 6-7.

¹⁹⁸ Louis Brandeis, Address, Faneuil Hall, Boston, July 4, 1919, quoted in John J. Miller, The Unmaking of Americans (New York: Free Press, 1998).

¹⁹⁹ John F. McClymer, "The Federal Government and the Americanization Movement, 1915-1924", Prologue, 10 (Spring 1978), p. 24; Ronald Fernandez, "Getting Germans to Fight Germans: The Americanizers of World War I", The Journal of Ethnic Studies, 9 (Summer 1981), p. 61.

²⁰⁰ Carlson, The Quest for Conformity p. 113; Edward George Hartmann, The Movement to Americanize the Immigrant (New York: Columbia University Press 1948), p. 92; Henry Ford, quoted in Otis L. Graham and Elizabeth Koed, "Americanizing the Immigrant, Past and Future", The Social

Contract, 4 (Winter 1993-94), p. 101; Gerd Korman, Industrialization, Immigrants and Americanization (Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1967), p. 147, 158-59; Higham, Strangers in the Land, p. 244-45.

²⁰¹ Higham, Strangers in the Land, p. 249.

²⁰² Carlson, The Quest for Conformity, p. 89-90.

²⁰³ John F. McClymer, "The Americanization Movement and the Education of the Foreign-Born Adult, 1914-25", in Bernard J. Weiss, ed., American Education and the European Immigrant, 1840-1940 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1992), p. 98; McClymer, "The Federal Government and the Americanization Movement, 1915-1924", p. 40; Hartmann, The Movement to Americanize the Immigrant, p. 64ff.

²⁰⁴ Miller, The Unmaking of Americans, p. 221, 223.

²⁰⁵ Carl F. Kaestle, Pillars of the Republic: Common Schools and American Society, 1780-1860 (New York: Hill & Wang 1983), p. 161-62.

²⁰⁶ Stephen Steinberg, The Ethnic Myth: Race, Ethnicity, and Class in America (New York: Atheneum, 1981), p. 54.

²⁰⁷ Joel M. Roitman, The Immigrants, the Progressives, and the Schools (Stark, KS: De Young Press 1996), p.l; McClymer", The Americanization Movement", p. 103; Miller, The Unmaking of Americans, p. 49; Roitman, The Immigrants, the Progressives, and the Schools, p. 51-52; Carlson, The Quest for Conformity, p. 114; Reed Ueda, "When Assimilation Was the American Way", Washington Post, 2 April 1995, p. R10.

²⁰⁸ Curti, Roots of American Loyalty, p. 223ff; Paul С Stern, "Why Do People Sacrifice for Their Nations?" Political Psychology, 16 (2, 1995), p. 223-24.

²⁰⁹ Robin M. Williams, Jr., American Society: A Sociological Interpretation (New York: Knopf, 1952), p. 527, quoted in Gleason, Speaking of Diversity, p. 175.

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