Questions. 1. Where and when was William Shakespeare born?

1. Where and when was William Shakespeare born?

2. When did he began to write poems?

3.What historical plays written by Shakespeare do you know?

4. What did Shakespeare write besides historical plays?

5.Where is Shakespeare buried?

Note

1) bubonic plague – бубонная чума

TEXT 2

Music

No one knows when, but at some time very long ago, people got the idea of making music themselves. They found that with music they could express their feelings as well as make sounds that were pleasant to hear.

Rhythm, melody, and harmony are important of music today. Rhythm and melody are much older than harmony. Rhythm is the accent , or beat, in the flow of sound. Melody is the tunefulness. Harmony has to do with^l the sounding of different notes at the same time.

The first music was vocal. People began singing simple melodies as they worked and played. The best songs were not written down but were remembered and handed down from one generation to another.

Music came to be so important in the lives of people of long ago that formal music was bound to appear. Formal music is music that has been specially composed for some purpose. The composer writes the music down in some way. No one can tell when and where music was first composed and written down. But we do know that the Greeks wrote music with the letters of their alphabet. Writing in notes like those of today came much later.

All early composed music was for voices. Early songs were sung in unison; everyone, that is,² sang the same melody. When composers began composing songs, they began adding other melodies to the main melody. Such writing for different parts, or voices, became known as "polyphonic" music - music of many sounds.

Much of the work of early European composers was sacred music³ for the church. But there were also gay songs. Some of them were called "madrigals". Songs people made up as they worked or played came to be called folk songs.⁴

Writing music for instruments began about 400 years ago. Violins and keyboard instruments ⁵ became popular. From that time on people developed many kinds of compositions. Many different groups were formed to perform them. There came to be choirs, opera companies, string quarters, symphony orchestras, and many others besides. But of course not all the music composed was for groups. Great soloists appeared - singers, violinists, pianists, cellists, and so on.

Music is sometimes called a universal language. In music there are not the barriers there are with spoken languages. A composer who cannot speak a single word of our language can still make us feel joy and pride, ехaltation and despair, peace and mystery through his music.

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