Translate the following text into English.

Товарищество – это организационно-правовая форма, при которой бизнесом владеют два или более партнеров. При этом предприятие находится в общей долевой собственности владельцев. Доля каждого определяется исходя из размера его вклада в уставный фонд предприятия, размер которого собственники определяют самостоятельно, но не ниже минимума, установленного законом. Отличительной чертой товарищества с ограниченной ответственностью является то, что в отличие от частного предприятия владельцы по долгам своего предприятия отвечают только своей долей вклада. Личное имущество остается неприкосновенным. При смешанном товариществе партнеры (учредители) делятся на действительных членов и членов-вкладчиков. При этом первые несут ответственность перед предприятием всем своим имуществом, а вторые – только в пределах вклада, имея разные возможности в управлении. Важно отметить, что товарищество является оптимальной формой для многих видов бизнеса, особенно для тех, которые требуют такой начальный капитал, который одному владельцу не собрать или не занять.

7. Read the text once more and write a short essay on: Partnerships, their types, their advantages and disadvantages, using some additional information.

Corporation

A corporation is chartered by the state in which it has headquar­ters. It is considered by law to be a unique entity, separate and apart from those who own it. A corporation can be taxed; it can be sued; it can enter into contractual agreements. The owners of a corporation are its shareholders. The shareholders elect a board of directors to oversee the major policies and decisions. The corporation has a life of its own and does not dissolve when ownership changes.

Advantages of a Corporation

1. Shareholders have limited liability for the corporation's debts or judgments against the corporations.

2. Generally, shareholders can only be held accountable for their investment in stock of the company. (Note however, that offi­cers can be held personally liable for their actions, such as the failure to withhold and pay employment taxes.)

3. Corporations can raise additional funds through the sale of stock.

Disadvantages of a Corporation

1. The process of incorporation requires more time and money than other forms of organization.

2. Corporations are monitored by federal, state and some local agencies, and as a result may have more paperwork to comply with regulations.

3. Incorporating may result in higher overall taxes. Dividends paid to shareholders are not deductible form business income, thus this income can be taxed twice.

Main features a Corporation:

(+) Shareholders have limited liability

(+) Can raise funds through sale of stock

(+) Life of business is unlimited (continuity of life)

(-) To incorporate a firm takes time and money

(-) May result in higher overall taxes

Vocabulary

incorporation – 1) объединение, корпорация;

2) регистрация корпораций

entity – организация

headquarters – главное правление (фирмы)

to be sued – преследоваться в судебном по­рядке

shareholders – акционеры, пайщики, владельцы акций

stock – акции

contractual agreement – контракт, договор

to oversee – наблюдать, следить

to be held liable – нести ответственность

to be accountable – нести ответственность

employment taxes – налог на фонд заработной платы

continuity of life – непрерывность существования

overall taxes – суммарные налоги

to incorporate a firm – оформить юридический статус фирмы как корпорации

to comply with regulations – выполнять предписания (правила)

1. Answer the questions on the text:

1. What is a corporation?

2. Why is a corporation considered to be unique?

3. Who are the owners of a corporation?

4. What is necessary to form a corporation?

5. Who oversees the major policies and decisions?

6. What are the advantages of corporations?

7. What are the disadvantages of corporations?

2. Guess what is meant by the following:

1. being the only one of its kind; unlike anything else;

2. establishment of a firm, formation of a company;

3. a general term for any institution, company, corporation, partnership, government agency, university, or any other organization which is distinguished from individuals;

4. owners of shares in a company;

5. the capital raised by a business or corporation through the issue and subscription of shares;

6. a group of people comprising the governing body of a corporation;

7. an agreement with specific terms between two or more persons or entities in which there is a promise to do something in return for a valuable benefit;

8. the unbroken and consistent existence or operation of something over a period of time;

9. entire compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits;

Дата добавления: 2015-07-20