Interesting fact!

Beginning in the 6th century BCE, Greek philosophers began to seek natural explanations for "life, the universe, and everything." Like their counterparts in China and India (and some cross-influence is likely, especially between Greece and India), they came to see the body as an extension of the universe, subject to the same natural laws. In the Greek view, the body was composed of four humors—blood, phlegm, yellow bile (choler), and black bile—and, once again, disorders of the body resulted from imbalance among humors.

		(Fire) Yellow Bile (Liver)
	Hot		Dry
(Air) Blood (Heart)			(Earth) Black Bile (Spleen)
	Wet	Cold
		(Water) Phlegm (Brain)
Greek physicians believed that the body was composed of four humors; illness occurred when the humors were out of balance. The great physician Hippocrates added further detail to this theory.

The four humors were often used to describe the personalities of people, as illustrated here.

Hippocrates, the great Greek physician from the 5th century BCE, was the first to detail this understanding of the human body and disease. The 2d century CE Greek physician Galen elaborated further the nature of this relationship. He classified the temperaments according to the predominance of the particular humors. To this day the categories sanguine (sturdy, cheerful, and confident), phlegmatic (slow and stolid), choleric (hot-tempered), and melancholic are still in common descriptive usage. Attribution of health and illness to the four humors remained basic to European medicine at least until the 17th century.

Now we know how traditional medicine views the relationship between diseases and the human body.

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Most common medical terms used today are derived from Latin or Greek. After all, the Greeks were the founders of modern medicine. Examples of medical terminology used today based on the Greek language are:

· The word semantics is derived from the Greek semantikos, meaning “significant.”

· Coccyx comes from the Greek word for “cuckoo” -- it resembles a cuckoo’s beak.

· Remember: myo (muscle) is not to be confused with myelo (bone marrow).

· Diaphoresis comes from the Greek dia meaning “through” and phoreo meaning “I carry.” Translated, it means “the carrying through of perspiration.”

· Glaucoma: Greek glaukos means “blue-grey,” and oma means “a condition.” In glaucoma, gray color replaces the black pupil.

· Both Latin and Greek play a role in the roots of the word for heart, cardium. This word stems from the Greek word kardia.

· Adenoid comes from the Greek aden, meaning “gland,” and cidos, meaning “like.” The term was once used for the prostate gland.

· Pancreas is so named because of its fleshy appearance. Greek pan means “all,” and krea means “flesh.”

· Endocrine: Take endo and add it to the Greek krinein, which means “to separate.”

· Paraplegia: The Greek para means “beside,” and plegia means “paralysis.”

· The Greek word pyelos means “tub-shaped vessel,” which describes the shape of the kidney.

· Venereal is derived from Venus, the goddess of love. It was thought in ancient times to be one of the misfortunes of love.

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Although not commonly used nowadays, here are some useful Latin medical expressions.

Abscessus - Abscess

Adstante febri (Ads. febr.) - While fever is present

Aeger - Sick

Ante cibum (AC) - Before meals

Ante prandium (AP) - Before a meal

Apoplexia - Apoplexy, Stroke

Aqua pura (Aq. pur.) - Pure water (filtered, not distilled)

Baccalaureus Medicinae (BM) - Bachelor of Medicine

Balneum tepidum (BT) - A tepid bath

Bis in die (bid.) - Twice a day

Capiatur (Capr.) - Let it be taken

Colica - Colic

Collutorium (Collut.) - A mouth-wash

Collyrium (Collyr.) - An eye-lotion

Constipatio - Constipation

Convulsio - Convulsions

Coup - Stroke

Cras mane (CM) - Tomorrow morning

Cras mane sumendus (CMS) - To be taken tomorrow morning

Cras nocte (CN) - Tomorrow night

Crastinus (Crast.) - For tomorrow

Cura te ipsum - Physician, heal thyself!

Cyathus aqua (C. aq.) - A glass of water

Da, signa (DS) - Give and sign

Deaurentur pilulae (Deaur. pil.) - Let the pills be gilt

Debilitas - Debility, Illness, Weakness

Debita spissitudine (D, spiss.) - With a proper consistence

Decessus - Died, Death

Decubitus (Decub.) - Lying down

Deglutiatur (Deglut.) - Let it be swallowed

Delirium tremens - Alcoholic distress; delusions and trembling

Dementia a potu - Insanity from drinking

Dentur tales doses (DTD) - Let such doses be given

Detur (Det.) - Let it be given

Detur in duplo (D. in dup.) - Let twice as much be given

Detur, signetur - Let it be given and signed

Dextro lateri (Dext. lat.) - To the right side

Dicbus alternis (Dicb, altern.) - Every other day

Die sequente (D. seq.) - On the following day

Diluculo (Diluc.) - At break of day

Directione prop ria (DP) - With a proper direction

Divide in partes aequales (D. in px) - Divide into equal parts

Dosi pedetentim crescente (DPC) - The dose gradually increasing

Dysenteria - Dysentery

Eadem (Ead.) - The same

Ecclampsia - Convulsions

Electuarium (Elect.) - An electuary
Epilepsia - Epilepsy

Evacuatio (Evac.) - A motion

Ex aqua (Ex aq.) - In water

Exhaustio - Exhaustion

Exhibeatur (Exhib.) - Let it be exhibited

Extemplo (Estempl.) - To at once, immediately

Extractum (Ext.) - An extract

Feber (Febris) - Fever

Febri durunte (Feb. dur.) - During the fever

Febris Africana - African Fever

Febris Angina - Angina

Febris Flava - Yellow Fever

Febris Militarius - War Fever

Febris Nervosa - Nervous Fever

Febris Petechialis - Spotted Fever

Febris Remittens - Remittent Fever

Febris Rubra - Scarlet Fever

Febris Scorbutica - Scorbutic Fever

Febris Verminosa - Verminous Fever

Fiat lege artis (FLA) - Let it be made according to rule

Fiat mistura (FM., ft. mist.) - Let a mixture be made

Fiat pilula (Ft. pil.) - Let a pill be made

Filtrum (Filtr.) - A filter

Frustillatim (Frust.) - Little by little

Frustum (Frust.) - A little bit

Gutturi applicandus (Guttur. appl.) - To be applied to the throat

Hebdomada (Hebdom.) - For a week

Hora somni (HS) - At bedtime (At the hour of sleep)

Horae unius spatio (Hor. un. spat.) - At the expiration of one hour

Horis intermediis (Hor, interm.) - In the intermediate hours

In dies (In d.) - From day to day

In partes aequales (In p. aeq.) - Into equal parts

Infectio - Infection

Inflammatio - Inflammation

Infunde (Infund.) - Pour in

Injectio (Inj.) - An injection

Injiciatur enema (Inj. enem.) - Let an enema be administered

Inspissare (Insp.) - To thicken

Lateri dolcnti (Lat. dol.) - To the affected side

Linfricandus - To be rubbed in

Linimentum parti affectre infricandum (Lin. p. a. infr.) - The liniment to be rubbed on the affected part

Luce prima (Luc. p.) - Early in the morning, dawn

Mane et vespere (M. et. v.) - Morning and evening

Mane primo (MP) - Early in the morning

Marasmus - Weakness

Medicinae Doctor (MD) - Doctor of Medicine

Morbus - Disease

More dicto utendus (MDU) - To be used as directed

More dictor (M. Dict.) - As directed
More solito (MS) - In the usual manner

Mors - Death

Natus Mortuus - Stillborn

Nihil per os (NPO) - Nothing by mouth

Obitus - Death, Died

Omni bidou (Omn. bid.) - Every two days

Partitis vicibus (Part. vic.) - In divided doses

Per deliquium (PD) - By deliquescence

Per os (PO) - Through the mouth; By mouth

Per rectum (PR) - Through the rectum

Peracta operatione emetic (or, emetica) (Peract. op. emet.) - When the operation of the emetic is finished

Pestis - Plague

Placebo - I will please (Medical expression for remedies with no medical effect, which improve one's medical condition only because one believes they do)

Post cibum (PC) - After meals

Post jentaculum (Post jentac.) - After breakfast

Post prandium (Post prand.) - After dinner

Primum est non nocere - First of all, do no harm (Hippocrates; The maxim has become an ethical guiding principle in medical profession)

Pro dosi (PD) - For a dose

Pro potu sumendus (Pro pot. s.) - To be taken as a drink

Pro ratione aetatis (Pro. rat. wt.) - According to age

Pro re nata (PRN) - As needed: As the occasion arises

Proxima luce (Prox. luc.) - On the next day

Quantitas duplex (Q. dx.) - A double quantity

Quantum libet (QL) - As much as pleases (As much as you wish)

Quantum sufficit (QS) - As much as suffices
Quaque die (QD) - Every day

Quaque hora (QH) - Every hour

Quaque mane (QM) - Every morning

Quaque nocte (QN) - Every night

Quater die (QD) - Four times a day

Quater in die (QID) - Take four times a day

Quoque alternis die (QAD) - Every other day

Redactus in pulverem (R. in pulv.) - Reduced to powder

Redigatur in pulverem (Redig. in pulv.) - Let it be reduced to powder

Rememdium - Cure, remedy, nostrum, medicine

Sanguisugae sex (Sanguisug. vj.) - Six leeches

Sequenti luce (Seq. luc.) - The following day

Sermihora (Semih.) - Half an hour

Sesquihora (Sesquih.) - An hour and a half

Si vires permittant (Si vir. perm.) - If the strength permit

Signa, signetur, signentur (Sig.) - Let it be signed, sign

Signetur (Sig.) or (S/) - Let it be labeled

Singulis aurosis (Sing. auror.) - Every morning

Singulis horae quadrantibus (Sing. hor. quad.) - Every quarter of an hour

Solve, dissolve (Solv.) - Soluble tablets

Spasmus - Cramps

Spiritus vini rectificatus (SVR) - Rectified spirit

Spiritus vini tenuior (SVT) - Proof spirit
Statim (stat) - Immediately

Statu effervescentiae (Stat. eff.) - Whilst effervescing

Stratum super stratum (SSS) - Layer upon layer
Sub finem coctionis (Sub fin. coct.) - When sufficiently boiled down

Ter in die (TID) - Thrice a day

Tinctura (Tr.) - A tincture

Tussi urgente (Tuss. urg.) - If the cough is troublesome

Tussis - Cough

Typhus - Typhoid fever

Ubi pus, ibi evacua - Where there is pus, (there) evacuate it

Variola - Smallpox

Vermis - Worms

The Olympians   Greek mythology is one of the most fascinating chapters of history. It contains many things which are bound to leave you spellbound, ranging from their culture to the gods they worshipped: Primordial deities   Olympians Aquatic deities Chthonic deities Personified concepts Other deities Titans   The Twelve Titans: Oceanus and Tethys, Hyperionand Theia, Coeus and Phoebe, Cronus and Rhea, Mnemosyne, Themis, Crius, Iapetus Children of Hyperion: Eos, Helios, Selene Daughters of Coeus: Leto and Asteria Sons of Iapetus: Atlas, Prometheus, Epimetheus, Menoetius Sons of Crius: Astraeus, Pallas, Perses

The Olympians:

The Greek Mythology is vast and seems almost endless; so do the Greek God Names.

When referring to Gods, most of us think of the 12 Gods of the Olympus, but the truth is that the Greek Mythology is full of deities, semi-gods and other figures that supported the 12 Gods and have some kind of divine status or nuance.

Some of these Greek God Names and, thus, ancient names are still in use today, some others are pretty much forgotten or uncommon.

Greeks believed in many Gods, as they were polytheists, and they created numerous personas in their myths and legends, attributing to each one of them some particular characteristics.

· Aphrodite (Афродита) /ˌæfrəˈdaɪti/ - Goddess of love and beauty. Her son was Eros, the god of love. She is also believed to have kept a watchful eye over sailors.

· Apollo (Аполлон) /ə’poləʊ/ - Beautiful god of the light, medicine and music. Apollo represents order, harmony, and civilization

· Ares (Арес) - God of war. He had an affair with Aphrodite, and was father to many children.

· Artemis (Артемида) - Goddess moon, forest, childbirth and the hunt. Although she was associated with childbirth and children, Artemis was a virgin.

· Athena (Афина) - (Athene) Daughter of Zeus and goddess of wisdom and war and the patron goddess of Athens. Like Artemis, she was a virgin goddess too.

· Hades (Аид) - God of the Underworld.

· Hephaestus (Гефест) /hɨˈfiːstəs/ - God of fire and the forge. Mated to Aphrodite.

· Hera (Гера) /ˈhɪərə/ - Queen of the Gods, wife of Zeus, protector of marriage.

· Hermes (Гермес) /ˈhɝːmiːz/ - The messenger of the gods, god of business. He was a very smart child, inventing the lyre by using a tortoise's shell when he was only a newborn baby.

· Hestia (Гестия) - Goddess of home, symbolized by the hearth which holds the ever-burning flame.

· Poseidon (Посейдон) - God of the sea and earthquakes. As god of the seas Poseidon held great power, and could calm the waves or create terrible storms. He had an unreliable temper, and used his powers to generate fear and punishment on people as revenge.

· Zeus (Зевс) /zjuːs/) - King of the Gods, god of the sky, symbolized by the thunderbolt. As the ruler of the Olympian gods, Zeus held enormous power and almost absolute authority. His role was primarily to watch over the activities of the other gods, and make sure they weren't exceeding their powers.

Chthonic (from Greek χθόνιος - chthonios, "in, under, or beneath the earth", from χθών - chthōn "earth"; pertaining to the Earth; earthy; subterranean) designates, or pertains to, deities or spirits of the underworld, especially in relation to Greek religion.

Greek khthon is one of several words for "earth"; it typically refers to the interior of the soil, rather than the living surface of the land (as Gaia or Ge does) or the land as territory (as khora (χώρα) does). It evokes at once abundance and the grave.

Its pronunciation is somewhat awkward for English speakers; most dictionaries, such as the OED, state that the first two letters should be pronounced as [k], /ˈkθɒnɪk/. Note that the modern pronunciation of the Greek word "χθόνιος" is [xθonios], although the Classical Greek pronunciation would have been something similar to [kʰtʰonios].

· The Titans (Титаны), also known as the elder gods, ruled the earth before the Olympians overthrew them. The ruler of the Titans was Cronus (Хронос) who was dethroned by his son Zeus.

· Prometheus (Прометей) - He stole the sacred fire from Zeus and the gods.

· Atlas (Атлас) /'ætləs/ - Zeus punished him to forever bear the heavens upon his shoulders.

· Dione (Диона) - The mother of Aphrodite.

· Gaea (Гея) /ˈɡeɪ.ə/ - was the Earth goddess. She mated with her son Uranus and gave birth to the remaining Titans. Often misspelled "Ghea."

· Uranus (Уран) /ˈjʊərənəs, jʊˈreɪnəs/) - was the sky god and first ruler, the son of Ghea.

· Cronus (Хронос) - Son of Uranus. His wife was Rhea (his sister). He was the father of Zeus.

· Rhea (Рея) /ˈriə/; - was the wife of Cronus.

· Oceanus (Океан) - is the unending stream of water encircling the world.

· Mnemosyne (Мнемозина) /nɪˈmɒzɪni/ - was the goddess of memory and the inventor of words.

· Tethys (Тефида) - was the wife of Oceanus.

· Themis (Фемида) - was the god of justice and order.

· Iapetus (Япетус) - was the father of Epimetheus, Menoetius, Prometheus and Atlas.

· Coeus (Кой) - was the Titan of Intelligence.

· Phoebe (Феба) /ˈfiːbiː/ - the Titan of the Moon.

· Crius (Криус) - He represented the tremendous power of the sea.

· Hyperion (Гиперион) - means "he who goes before the sun."

· Thea (Тея) / θεά/ - Hyperion's wife and sister.

· Epimetheus (Эпиметиус) - means "afterthought" is the opposite of his brother Prometheus ("forethought").

· Metis (Метида) - was the first wife of Zeus. She ruled over all wisdom and knowledge.

· Asclepius (Асклепий, эскулап) - /æsˈkliːpiəs/, is the god of medicine and healing

Other gods: Dionysus, Eros, Demeter, Persephone, Hebe, Eris, Helius, Thanatos, Pan, The Muses, The Erinyes, The Fates, Nemesis, The Graces.

The Romans changed the Greek God names in order to fit their language. Since the Greek Gods and the Roman Gods are the same, it is worth mentioning who is who:

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