C в тексте нет информации

ЗАДАНИЕ №18 (выберите один вариант ответа)

(1) Tobacco smoke contains 19 cancer-causing chemicals (most are known as “tar”), more than 4,000 other chemicals, and at least 400 toxic substances. Tobacco is considered an addictive substance because it contains the chemical nicotine. Nicotine is highly addictive with abstinence symptoms that include irritability, anxiety, sleep problems, headache, tremor, and lethargy. Smoking is generally five times higher among men than women; however the gender gap declines with younger age. Most smokers begin during adolescence or early adulthood. Children of smoking parents are more likely to smoke than children with non-smoking parents. Because teenagers are influenced more by their friends than by adults, attempts by parents, schools and health professionals at preventing people from trying cigarettes are unsuccessful.

(2) Tobacco-related diseases are some of the biggest killers in the world today and are cited as one of the biggest causes of premature death in industrialized countries. In the United States some 500,000 deaths per year are attributed to smoking-related diseases and a recent study estimated that as much as 1/3 of China's male population will have significantly shortened life-spans due to smoking. Male and female smokers lose an average of 13.2 and 14.5 years of life, respectively. The number of people under the age of 70 who die from smoking-related diseases exceeds the total figure for deaths caused by breast cancer, AIDS, traffic accidents, and drug addiction.

(3) Among the diseases and afflictions that can be caused by smoking are heart and blood vessels problems leading to heart attacks, strokes, high blood pressure. Blood clots in the heart and brain are the most common causes of sudden death. Smoking can increase a risk of lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. For men in their 30s and 40s, smoking increases the risk of erectile dysfunction by about 50 per cent. In women, it can cause problems during pregnancy. Babies born to mothers who smoke during pregnancy are twice as likely to be born prematurely and with a low birth weight. Infants and children who are exposed to second-hand smoke are at risk of asthma, respiratory infections, pneumonia, lung damage, sudden infant death syndrome.

(4) Many governments are trying to deter people from smoking with anti-smoking campaigns in mass media stressing the harmful long-term effects of smoking.

Passive smoking, or secondhand smoking, which affects people in the immediate vicinity of smokers, is a major reason for the enforcement of anti-smoking laws. These are laws enforced to stop individuals smoking in indoor public places, such as bars, pubs and restaurants. The idea behind this is to discourage smoking by making it more inconvenient, and to stop harmful smoke being present in enclosed public spaces. Many states have passed laws against selling tobacco products to underage customers. There are a number of methods to stop smoking: nicotine replacement therapy, antidepressants, and hypnosis, self-help, and support groups.

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Многие государства приняли законы, запрещающие продажу табачных изделий несовершеннолетним покупателям.

ВАРИАНТЫ ОТВЕТОВ:

A 4 B 2

C 3 D 1

ЗАДАНИЕ №19 (выберите один вариант ответа)

(1) Sleep is a state of rest, which happens in animals, including humans. Sleep is a heightened anabolic state which is necessary for growth and rejuvenation of the immune, nervous, skeletal, and muscular system. All mammals and birds, and many reptiles, amphibians, and fish sleep. In humans, other mammals, and most other animals that were studied, sleeping regularly is essential for survival. The purposes and mechanisms of sleep are only partially clear and are the subject of intense research.

(2) Generally, the reason for sleep is that the brain has work to do during sleep. The details are not fully understood, but it is important to get enough sleep for the body and the brain to be healthy and work properly. In mammals sleep is divided into two types: rapid eye movement (REM) and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. Each type has a distinct set of associated physiological, neurological, and psychological features. Both humans and many animals sleep about once a day. Some animals, such as cats, sleep many times a day for short periods. When people sleep they often have dreams.

(3) The timing of sleep and the amount of it are both important. Both are different for different people. Some adults sleep best from 22:00 to 05:00 or 06:00 or 07:00. Some sleep best from midnight to seven or eight. These variations are normal.

How much sleep is enough also depends on age. Children need more sleep than adults. Newborn babies sleep about 18 hours per day. Small babies sleep many times a day; human babies do not develop circadian rhythms before they are 3 - 4 months old. At the age of 1 year, they sleep for about 14 hours. A nine-year-old should sleep about 9-10 hours per day and teenagers, too, need that much sleep. Adults who sleep less than about 8 hours a day perform worse than those who sleep that long.

(4) People may have trouble going to sleep, staying asleep or getting enough sleep. This usually means that they are too sleepy in the daytime. There are many things that influence sleep. Also some substances, called stimulants - coffee is such an example - can cause poor sleep. When people have just eaten something, the body is busy digesting. This can cause poor sleep, too. Worrying and stress can cause poor sleep. There are many diseases that cause poor sleep. Fever can lead to bad dreams. Poor sleep can be a side effect of some medications. Sleep disorders directly influence how a person sleeps. Examples of sleep disorders are narcolepsy, sleep apnea and circadian rhythm sleep disorders. Sleep specialists - doctors specializing in sleeping problems - often suggest better sleep hygiene to people with sleeping problems. Sleep hygiene means things people can try, such as avoiding extreme emotion in the hours before sleep; trying to get up at the same time every day, sleeping in a cool, quiet and very dark place; avoiding bright light the last hour before bedtime; avoiding a big meal just before bedtime, and getting enough exercise every day.

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Дата добавления: 2015-12-01