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Influenza (flu) is infection of the lungs and airways with one of the influenza viruses. It causes a fever, runny nose, sore throat, cough, headache, muscle aches (myalgias), and a general feeling of illness (malaise).
Every year, throughout the world, widespread outbreaks of influenza occur during late fall or early winter. Influenza occurs in epidemics, in which many people get sick all at once. Influenza epidemics may occur in two waves: first in schoolchildren and the people who live with them and, second, in people who are confined to home or live in long-term care facilities, mainly older people. In each epidemic, usually only one strain of influenza virus is responsible for the disease. The name of a strain often reflects where it was first found: a location (for example, Hong Kong flu) or an animal (for example, swine flu).
There are two types of influenza virus, type A and type B, and many different strains within each type. About 95% of influenza cases are caused by influenza virus type A. The illnesses produced by the different types and strains are similar. The strain of influenza virus causing outbreaks is always changing, so each year the influenza virus is a little different from the previous years. It often changes enough that previously effective vaccines no longer work.
Influenza is distinctly different from the common cold. It is caused by a different virus and produces symptoms that are more severe. Also, influenza affects cells much deeper down in the respiratory tract.
Influenza virus is spread by inhaling droplets that have been coughed or sneezed out by an infected person or by having direct contact with an infected person's nasal secretions. Handling household articles that have been in contact with an infected person or an infected person's secretions may sometimes spread the disease.
Symptoms and Diagnosis
Symptoms start 1 to 4 days after infection and can begin suddenly. Chills or a chilly sensation is often the first indication. Fever is common during the first few days, sometimes reaching 102 to 103° F (about 39° C). Many people feel so ill, weak, and tired that they remain in bed for days. They have aches and pains throughout the body, particularly in the back and legs. Headache is often severe, with aching around and behind the eyes. Bright light may make the headache worse.
At first, respiratory symptoms may be relatively mild. They may include a scratchy sore throat, a burning sensation in the chest, a dry cough, and a runny nose. Later, the cough can become severe and bring up phlegm (sputum). The skin may be warm and flushed, especially on the face. The mouth and throat may redden, the eyes may water, and the whites of the eyes may become bloodshot. People, especially children, may have nausea and vomiting. A few people lose their sense of smell for a few days or weeks. Rarely, the loss is permanent.
Most symptoms subside after 2 or 3 days. However, fever sometimes lasts up to 5 days. Cough, weakness, sweating, and fatigue may persist for several days or occasionally weeks. Mild airway irritation, which can result in a decrease in how long or hard a person can exercise, or slight wheezing may take 6 to 8 weeks to completely resolve.
The most common complication of influenza is pneumonia, which can be viral, bacterial, or both. In viral pneumonia, the influenza virus itself spreads into the lungs. In bacterial pneumonia, unrelated bacteria (such as pneumococci or staphylococci) attack the person's weakened defenses. With either, people may have a worsened cough, difficulty breathing, persistent or recurring fever, and sometimes blood or pus in the sputum. Pneumonia is more common among older people and among people with a heart or lung disorder. In long-term care facilities, as many as 7% of older people who develop influenza have to be hospitalized, and 1 to 4% die. Younger people with a chronic disorder are also at risk of developing severe complications.
Because most people are familiar with the symptoms of influenza and because influenza occurs in epidemics, it is often correctly diagnosed by the person who has it or by family members. The severity of symptoms and the presence of a high fever and body aches help distinguish influenza from a cold, especially when the illness occurs during an influenza outbreak. It is more difficult to correctly identify influenza by symptoms alone when no outbreak is occurring. Tests on samples of blood or respiratory secretions can be used to identify the influenza virus. Such tests are done mainly when people appear very ill or when a doctor suspects another cause for the symptoms. Some tests can be done in the doctor's office.
Prevention
Annual vaccination is the best way to avoid getting influenza. Influenza vaccines contain inactivated (killed) influenza virus or pieces of the virus and are given by injection. A newer vaccine, inhaled as a nasal spray, contains weakened live viruses. This vaccine is used only in healthy people aged 5 to 49 years. Influenza vaccines usually protect against three different strains of influenza virus. Different vaccines may be given every year to keep up with changes in the virus. Doctors try to predict the strain of virus that will attack each year based on the strain of virus that predominated during the previous influenza season and the strain causing disease in other parts of the world.
Vaccination is useful for most people but is particularly important for people who are likely to become very ill if infected. These people include the young (particularly those younger than 24 months), those older than 65, those with a weakened immune system, and those with a chronic disorder such as diabetes or a lung, heart, or kidney disorder. In older people who live in long-term care facilities, the vaccine is less likely to prevent influenza, but it reduces the chances of developing pneumonia and of dying. Other than occasional soreness at the injection site, side effects from the vaccine are rare.
Several antiviral drugs can be used to prevent infection with influenza virus. Doctors may prescribe these drugs when people have had a clear, recent exposure to someone with influenza. These drugs are also given to people who have conditions that make vaccination ineffective or dangerous. The drugs are used during epidemics of influenza to protect unvaccinated people who are at high risk of complications of influenza: older people and people with a chronic disorder. Amantadine and rimantadine are older antiviral drugs that provide protection against influenza type A but not influenza type B. These drugs can cause stomach upset, nervousness, sleeplessness, and other side effects, especially in older people and in those with a brain or kidney disorder. Rimantadine tends to have fewer side effects than amantadine. Another drawback of both amantadine and rimantadine is that the influenza virus rapidly develops resistance to them. During the 2005 to 2006 influenza season, concerns about resistance prompted the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to discourage the use of these drugs for prevention and treatment. Two newer drugs, oseltamivir and zanamivir, can prevent infection with influenza virus type A or type B. These drugs have minimal side effects.
Treatment
The main treatment for influenza is to rest adequately, drink plenty of fluids, and avoid exertion. Normal activities may resume 24 to 48 hours after the body temperature returns to normal, but most people take several more days to recover. People may treat fever and aches with acetaminophen or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs, such as aspirinor ibuprofen). Because of the risk of Reye's syndrome, children should not be given aspirin. Acetaminophen and ibuprofen can be used in children if needed. Other measures as listed for the common cold, such as nasal decongestants and steam inhalation, may help relieve symptoms.The same antiviral drugs that prevent infection (amantadine, rimantadine, oseltamivir, and zanamivir) are also helpful in treating people who have influenza. However, these drugs work only if taken in the first day or two after symptoms begin, and they shorten the duration of fever and respiratory symptoms only by a day or so. Nevertheless, these drugs are very effective in some people. Most doctors recommend zanamivir or oseltamivir, which are effective against both influenza type A and type B. If a secondary bacterial infection develops, antibiotics are added.
Notes:
bring up phlegm откашлять макроту
be confined to home не выходить из дома по болезни
outbreak вспышка(эпидемии)
keep up with быть хорошо осведоленным о чем-либо
drawback отрицательная сторона, недостаток
EXERCISES
Exercise 1. Make up sentences of your own using the following words and phrases from the section “Abscesses.”
An accumulation of pus, the location of the abscess, abscess develop anywhere in the body, to heal an abscess without treatment, to drain a large abscess, to select the most effective antibiotic, abdominal abscess, an abscess below the diaphragm, abscesses in the midabdomen, pelvic abscesses, abscesses in the kidney, abscesses in the spleen, liver abscess.
Exercise 2. Study the texts from the section “Bacillary infections” and say whether these statements are right or wrong. Correct them, if they are wrong.
1. Several groups of bacteria can form structures called endospores or spores.
2. Anthrax is not transmitted by spores- a vegetative reproductive form of the bacteria.
3. Early and aggressive treatment with antibiotics, vaccination against anthrax should be administered before completing antimicrobial therapy.
4. Brucella is a genus of Gram-negative aerobic spherical or rodlike parasitic bacteria responsible for Cat-scratch-disease in man.
5. Untreated brucellosis may last for years but prolonged administration of tetracycline antibiotics or streptomycin is effective.
6. Many bacterial species are beneficial.
7. Bartonella henselae make a cat sick, and kittens or cats carry the bacteria for months.
8. Once a cat is infected, the bacteria doesn’t live in the animal saliva during life.
9. In most children and adolescents, swollen lymph nodes are the main symptoms of brucellosis and the illness often is mild.
10. Gram-negative bacteria retain the initial stain, appearing violet microscopically.
11. Gram-positive bacteria lose the initial stain but take up the counterstain, so that they appear red microscopically.
12. Bacillus- any red-shaped bacterium.
13. Untreated anthrax can’t be fatal.
14. Bacillus anthracis is transmitted to man by contact with animal hair, hides or excrement.
15. Harmful bacteria doesn’t penetrate the body’s defenses.
Exercise 3. The words on the right can be used to form a noun that fits suitably in the blank space. Fill each blank in this way.
1. An injury, including an invasion by bacteria causes___ (to inflame).
2. Inflammation partly serves to direct certain defense mechanisms to the site of injury or ____. (to infect)
3. ____ by most microorganisms begins when they adhere to a person’s cells. (to invade)
4. A serious infection may cause ___ ulcers in the upper intestine, leading to bleeding. (to stress)
5. The ___ of equipment is necessary to kill spores. (to sterile)
6. Some disease organisms may trigger the inflammatory ___ in the body. (to respond)
7. In the most European countries, ___ against many childhood diseases is available. (to vaccinate)
8. In the case of mumps the period of ___ is very long. (to incubate)
9. Although the vaccine probably provides lifetime ___, people at high risk are advised to receive the vaccine every six years. (to protect)
10. A doctor weighs the _____ of the side effect against the ___ of the infection. (to be serious)
Exercise 4. Study the texts from the sections “ bacillary, coccal, fungal, viral infections” and compare their etiology. Give your own example of diseases to each type of infections and tell about them in details.
Exercise 5. Arrange a discussion on the text “Tuberculosis (TB)”.
1. What is TB?
2. Is it contagious?
3. What bacteria can Tuberculosis cause?
4. Is TB characterized by a lifelong balance between the host and rod-shaped bacteria?
5. Are symptoms of Tuberculosis vague and difficult to identify?
6. What types of TB do you know? Define each.
7. What diagnostic method should a doctor choose to recognize an illness?
8. Can TB affect organs of the body: bladder, brain, pericardium, joints, kidney, spine?
9. Does a tuberculin skin test identify all types of present TB?
10. What complication can it give?
11. Is it truth, that BCG (bacilli Calmette-Guerin) vaccine can prevent such serious disease?
12. Is it possible to identify people who require vaccination with a help of tuberculin test?
13. Can this disease be curable by various combinations of the antibiotics: streptomycin, isoniazid?
14. Can such infectious disease be fatal? In what case?
Exercise 6. What do the following abbreviations stand for? If it’s necessary, use the dictionary.
BCG___________ Dx______________
CT____________ HSV_____________
ID____________ M/F_____________
Pen___________ PT_______________
PX____________ MRI______________
T_____________ TB _ _______________
Vacc____________ XR________________
Exercise 7. Answer the following questions to the texts from the chapter “Infections”
1. What is abscess? When should a medical intervention be performed? What types of abdominal abscesses are known?
2. What disease is caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis? How can a doctor identify it? What form of anthrax is the most deadly?
3. What is the etiology of Brucellosis (undulant fever) and its treatment?
4. Is Cat-scratch fever communicative or noncontagious disease? What is the incubation period of this illness? What preventive measures are existed? Is it curable illness?
5. What is the infectious illness caused by inhaling spores of the fungus Histoplasma capsulatum? Is the patient terminally ill of such disease? What recommendation can a doctor give to avoid it? Is treatment of such infectious disease easy? Is the condition serious or minor? Does progressive Histoplasmosis resemble tuberculosis development?
6. Do any symptoms of Coccidioidomycosis produce? What therapy is administered in severe or progressive infection caused by the fungus Coccidioides immitis? Is it fatal? What type of germ is it caused by? What is the choice of treatment?
7. Who is extremely susceptible to the almost 200 different viruses that cause colds? When does cold occur most frequently? Can infection spread to the larynx that may be caused by laryngitis?
8. What is the difference between influenza and common cold? Are their symptoms similar? Are these conditions caused by an infection or allergy? What is the course of influenza likely to be? What complication can flue cause? What is the most effective preventive measure against influenza?
9. How is Herpes simplex transmitted? What types of Herpes simplex do you know? Is treatment for Herpes simplex variable? What drugs are prescribed for the type 1 (HSV1)? What preventive measures for type 2(HSV2) should people follow?
Exercise 8. Choose the version and put it in empty space.
1 Up to 40,6C fever causes weakness and it best to treat with …
a) metapyrin b) asperin c) antiseptic gargle
2 Normal core body temperature, measured orally, doesn’t exceed…
a) 37,2C b) 40C c)36,6C
3 Vaccine can prevent some…
a) coughing b) simple disease c) viral disease
4 … are ineffective against viral disease.
a) antibiotic b) allergic remedies c) antifungal antibiotic
5 About 200 different strains of … can produce colds.
a) virus b) parasite c) Asia influenza
6 The treatment of a cold involves rest, adequate fluid intake and … remedies for the symptom.
a) Echinacea b) over-the-counter drug c) antimycotic
7 … is frequently taken as a cold preventive.
a) vitamine C b) vitamine B c) vitamins C and D
8 Influenza is acute viral … of the upper or lower respiratory tract.
a) complication b) infection c) virus
9 Chills, fatigue and muscles aches are the symptoms of … which begin abruptly.
a) common cold b) gripp c) pneumonia
10 Viruses are much smaller than …
a) microorganisms b) parasites c) bacteria
11 Disinfectants are used to destroy … on surfaces.
a) Microorganisms b) organisms c) microbes
12 Antibiotics and other … are given in shots or orally for infections.
a)antimicrobial agents b) microbial agents c) bacterial agents
13 Antimicrobial agents and antibiotics may be applied locally for superficial …
a) viruses b) infections c) disease
14 Many antiseptics destroy specific types or forms of microorganisms but not …
a) bacteria b) gametes c) spores
15 Treatment with drugs is usually effective against most…
a) nausea b) noninfections c) infections
16Cat-scratch-disease is carried by cats, especially kittens and this a result of …
a) viral infection b) bacterial infection c) infection
17 A bearable pain but persistent is labeled … by patient.
a) an ache b) a pain c) a hurt
18 A headache is associated with colds, flu, sinus infections and …
a) tooth trauma b) nervous breakdown c) meningitis
19 If tonsillitis due to to streptococcal infection is not treated by… it may lead to rheumatic fever or nephritis.
a) atropine b) antibiotics c) analgesic
20The effective agent may be transmitted by a patient or carrier in airbone droplets expelled during coughing and sneezing or by direct contact or …
a) sexual intercourse b) lost of blood c) vaccine
Exercise 9. Fill in the missing words in the text “ History of viral diseases”. Choose from the following.
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Historic descriptions of ______ date back as far as the 10th century BC. The concept of the ______, however, was not established until the last decade of the 19th century, when several _____ obtained evident that agents far smaller than ______ were capable of causing _____.
The existence of viruses was finally proved when bacteriophages were discovered by independent researches in 1915 and 1917. The question of whether viruses are actually ______ (similar to very tiny bacteria) was resolved in 1935, when the virus responsible for causing _____ in tobacco was isolated and crystallized; the fact that it could be crystallized proved that the virus was not ____.
Exercise 10. Speak on the following
1 Infections and their types.
2 Bacterial diseases. Its symptoms and treatment.
3 Viral diseases. Its diagnosis and preventive measures.
4 Tuberculosis. Complications and treatment.
5 Fungal diseases. Its etiology and consequences.
6 Abscesses.
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