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| -ique – unique, technique; | -ese – Portuguese; | -ette – cigarette; |
| -ee/ier – refugee, referee; | -eer – mountaineer; | -esque – picturesque. |
Also suffix -ate in dissyllabic verbs: migrate, dictate.
2. Accent-neutral suffixes (suffixes that do not affect stress placement).
| -able– comfort-comfortable; | -like – bird-birdlike; |
| -age – anchor-anchorage; | -less – power-powerless; |
| -al – refuse-refusal; | -ly – hurried-hurriedly; |
| -en – wide-widen; | -ment – punish-punishment; |
| -ful – wonder-wonderful; | -ness – yellow-yellowness; |
| -fy – glory-glorify; | -ous – poison-poisonous. |
| -ing – amaze-amazing; | -wise – other-otherwise; |
| -ish – devil-devilish; | -y (ie) – fun-funny; |
| -ism – alcohol–alcoholism; | -er – lead-leader; |
| -ist – separate-separatist; | -ess – lion-lioness; |
| -ize (ise) – circular-circularize; | -acy – celibate-celibacy |
Accent-fixing suffixes (suffixes that influence stress in the stem).
| -graphy– photo-photography; | -itive – infinite-infinitive; |
| -ity – stable-stability; | -ic(al) – climat-climatic. |
Exceptions: heretic, catholic, lunatic, Arabic, arithmetic, rhetoric.
Prefixes and stress
1. Prefixes which have lost their meaning and don’t affect the placement of stress: re-; en-; ex-; be-; pre-; pro-; con-; for-; de-; dis-; mis-; a+consonant: afford, attack, attract, adore, accept; o+consonant: occure, offend, obtain.
Prefixes which have a distinct meaning of their own.
| un- | negative | inter- | among |
| in- | negative | over- | too much |
| mis- | negative | ultra- | utmost |
| ex- | former | arch- | chief |
| vice- | in place of | sub- | subordinate |
| under- | subordination |
Compound words
Words composed of separable root morphemes – compounds. Among compound words we find: 1) compound nouns: sunflower; 2) compound adjectives: good-looking; 3) compound verbs: put off; 4) compound adverbs: outside; 5) compound numerals: thirty-two, thirteen.
Compound words can be represented by one word, two words, or two words written with a hyphen, but it is necessary that they should contain two separable roots.
There are compounds in English which have two strong stresses, because both of their elements are semantically important. They are:
1) Words with prefixes which have their own meaning: rewrite, underdo, vice-president, overbuild, ultra-fashionable.
2) Compound adjectives such as: well-known, double-stressed, evil-looking.
3) Verbs consisting of a verb and a postpositional element of adverbial origin, which is semantically important: to get up.
Compound adjectives, verbs, numerals, adverbs generally have two stresses one of which can be lost in connected speech under the influence of rhythm.
Among compounds only compound nouns pose a problem.
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| Glossary of phonetic terms | | | I. The primary stress on the first element. |