Computers in our life 4 страница

UNIT 8	AUTOMATIC CONTROL
Task 1.	Imagine that you are the director of a big industrial plant? How does it work? How many people are there? What does the number of people depend on? Present your information in a few words.

Task 2.

Discuss in your group what automatic control is and try to give the definition of it.

Task 3.

Read about Automatic Control in Industry and fill in appropriate headings to each abstract.

1. _____________

Any technical development that enables a machine or instrument to dispense розподіляти with labour is a step toward automation. Wherever two or more automatic machines are tied together with overriding automatic control to create a self-feeding, a self-initiating and self-checking process, an automated system is created. The real distribution is between automation that displaces muscle and automation that displaces brain, and it is roughly the same distinction as that between automatic operation and automatic control.

2. _____________

The industrial development of the nineteenth century was a change towards automatic operation. But mechanisation was limited to individual processes, and only in a few trades it was possible to provide automatic links between processes and organised production as a continuous flow. In the twentieth century the idea was widely applied of producing goods in a continuous flow rather than in batches. The control [ ]was obtained by a human operator who noted faults and deviations and corrected them either directly or through instruments. Control may be simply mechanical, electrical, electronic or a combination.

3. _____________

The developments in automatic operation while extending their application, were not revolutionary but part of a well-established trend. Those in automatic control have been considerably more drastic, and arose largely from the recent and sudden application of electronic methods of control. Electro-mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic devices also contributed, but the introduction of electronic computers marked the new stage in the development of automatic control. The electronic devices rapidly gained in importance and industrial enterprises widely used them to plan and control the operations of machines. These devices can detect faults in a processed part, communicate the error to the machine and adjust its operation so as to correct the fault. They can integrate the work of industrial machines and the more complex devices can select alternative courses of action according to the instructions fed into them, considerably extending the possibilities of remote control. Now electronic devices greatly reduced the amount of routine brainwork performed at factories. Rapid technological advance reduced the part played by human labour to skilled supervision and maintenance. Electronic computers have shown that man can rely on them for the performance of operations based on formal logic.

4. _____________

Automatic systems take several forms and are based on several different techniques, but in each case the measurement and correction of errors are performed and co-ordinated by electronic devices and the human operator does not take an active part in it.

5. _____________

First of all automatic control was widely established in such industries as chemicals, petroleum, iron and steel, cement, paper, textile, printing, food and others. The overall trend now is toward a total automatic control in industry with the help of new generations of electronic devices with their rapidity, accurateness, reliability, flexibility, and compactness.

The present day stage of automation is based on the revolution in computer technology, in computerisation of the whole national economy.

Task 4.

Find in the text English equivalents to the following Ukrainian words and word combinations:

знання, технологічний прогрес, виконання, повністю механізоване підприємство, сільське господарство, технологічний ланцюг, всебічний розвиток overriding, overall trend, виробники та користувачі, незалежне живлення, несправності та відхилення, дистанційне управління, електронні прилади, харчова промисловість, швидкість, надійність, точність, національна економіка.

Task 5.

Translate the following words and word combinations into Ukrainian:

principal direction, automatic control, independent branch of science and engineering, accomplishment of a job, to enable, automated enterprises and workshops, to link up, to call for, an important impact on, cultural flowering, overriding automatic control, a self-feeding, a self-initiating and self-checking process, well-established trend, routine brainwork, supervision and maintenance, to rely on, correction of errors, with the help of, computerisation

Task 6.

Match the following English words in column A with their Ukrainian equivalents from column B:

A	B
1. reliability	a) відхилення
2. supervision	b) виконання
3. accomplishment	c) управління
4. flexibility	d) точність
5. control	e) надійність
6. rapidity	f) контроль
7. deviation	g) швидкість
8. accurateness	h) гнучкість

Task 7.

Translate the following sentences into English:

1. Автоматизація сприяє розвитку промисловості.

2. Автоматичні прилади контролюють процес виробництва.

3. Прилад з автоматичним управлінням працює швидше та надійніше.

4. Управління може бути різних видів – електронне, механічне або електричне.

5. Пристрій може самостійно перевіряти та виправляти помилки.

6. Слово “автоматизація” з’явилось лише декілька століть тому.

7. Автоматизація стала можливою з розвитком комп’ютерів.

8. Автоматизація промисловості впливає на економіку та політику країни.

Task 8.

Put the construction “to be going to” into correct tense form and translate the sentences into Ukrainian:

1. They _______ visit fully automated factory tomorrow.

2. He ________ improve this electronic device with the help of circuit board.

3. She ________ become a good specialist in the field of engineering.

4. We ________ study technical engineering next month.

Task 9.	Work in pairs. One of you is a foreign student, another is a chief of a metallurgical plant that wants to employ foreign students after graduation.
Task 10.

Words and word combinations to be memorized:
1.	accomplishment	виконання
2.	to appear	з’являтися
3.	comprehensively	всебічно
4.	to detect	виявляти, знаходити
5.	deviation	відхилення
6.	drastic	інтенсивний, різкий
7.	error	помилка
8.	to establish	встановлювати
9.	extension	розповсюдження, подовження
10.	fault	помилка, дефект
11.	flexibility	гнучкість
12.	integrated mechanism	комплексний механізм
13.	labour	труд, робота
14.	to link	з’єднувати
15.	measurement	вимірювання
16.	qualitatively	якісно
17.	rapidity	швидкість
18.	recently	нещодавно, останнім часом
19.	reliability	надійність
20.	to remain	залишатися
21.	remote control	дистанційне управління
22.	to retain	тримати, вміщувати, зберігати
23.	rigging	збірка, монтаж
24.	self-feeding	автоматичне живлення
25.	trend	напрям, тенденція
26.	self-initiating	автозапуск
27.	self-checking	автоконтроль
28.	cement [

UNIT 9

INDUSTRY OF UKRAINE

Task 1.

List all the manufactured goods and agricultural products produced in Ukraine you know. Combine these with the others in your group and present your information in a few words.

Task 2.

Discuss in your group what mineral resources Ukraine has and give a short informative report.

Task 3.	Read the following text and complete the table using information from the text:
	location	products
mineral resources
health spas
ferrous-metals industry
light industry
agriculture
fishing

Ukraine’s present-day economy was developed as an integral part of larger economy of the former Soviet Union. While receiving a smaller share (16% in 1980s) of the USSR’s investment funds and producing a greater proportion of goods with a lower set price, Ukraine was still able to produce a larger share of total output in the industrial (17%) and especially the agricultural (21%) sectors of the Soviet economy. In effect, a centrally directed transfer of wealth from Ukraine amounting to 20% of its national income helped to finance economic development in other parts of the Soviet Union, especially Russia and Kazakhstan.

Ukraine has extremely rich mineral resources in high concentrations and close to each other. Rich iron ore reserves located near Kryvy Rih, Kremenchuk, Bilozerka, Mariupol, and Kerch form the basis of Ukraine’s large iron and steel industry. One of the richest areas of manganese-bearing ores in the world is located near Nikopol. Bituminous and anthracite coal used for coke are mined in the Donetsk Coal Basin (commonly called Donbas).

Energy for thermal power stations is ob­tained using the large reserves of brown coal in the Dnipro basin (north of Kryvy Rih) and the bitumi­nous coal deposits of the Lviv-Volhynian Basin north of Lviv.

The 3 major natural-gas and petroleum producing areas in Ukraine are the Subcarpathian region, the Dnipro-Donets region and the Crimean region. In the 1960s, the extraction of natural gas in Ukraine accounted for one-third of the USSR’s total output. However, both gas and oil productions declined after 1975, which made Ukraine an importer of fuels today.

Ukraine also has important deposits of titanium, bauxite and mercury ores. A large deposit of ozokerite (a natural paraffin wax) is near the city of Boryslav. There are large deposits of potassium salt in Subcarpathia and rock salt in the Donetsk Coal basin. Some phosphorites and natural sulfur are also found in Ukraine.

In many places of the country there are health spas famous for their mineral springs, and in addition, spas near the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov specialise in mud baths.

Ukraine is a highly industrialized country. The industrial heartland of the country is the Donetsk Coal Basin. It is the most densely populated and highly industrialised region of the country and one of the world’s major metallurgical and heavy indus­try complexes. The basin has large iron and steelworks, and plants that produce mining equipment, other types of heavy machinery and a variety of Chemicals.

Ukraine has a major ferrous-metals industry, and it rivals China as the fourth largest steel producer in the world. Another important branch of the economy is mining. Its main products are coal, natural gas and iron ore. The most prominent manufactured goods include metallurgical equipment, diesel locomo­tives, tractors and TV sets. Ukraine also has well-developed chemical and food industries. There are more than 50 plants which produce a wide range of agricultural equipment. Machine-tool and instru­ment-manufacturing industries are also being developed. The growing importance of consumer goods is reflected in the increasing output of cameras, refrigerators, washing machines, etc. Some of the principal products of light industry are textiles, ready-made clothes and shoes.

Ukraine has a well-developed transportation system.

Owing partly to rich soils and a favourable climate, Ukraine’s crop production is highly developed. Its grain and potato output almost rivals that of France, and our country is the world’s largest producer of sugar beets. Ukraine’s livestock sector lags behind the crop sector, but its total output is still consider­ably larger than those of most European countries.

The chernozem (black) soils of the forest-steppe zone are among the world’s more productive farm­lands and are exceptionally good for wheat and sugar beet. Besides wheat, Ukraine produces such grains as barley (mostly for animal feed), buckwheat and rice. Other crops include potatoes, vegetables, me­lons, berries, fruit, nuts and grapes. Ukraine’s most important industrial crop, sugar beet, is concentrated in the forest-steppe zone. Truck farming or market gardening is particularly developed on the outskirts of large cities like Kyiv, Kharkiv, and others.

Cattle and pigs are raised throughout Ukraine, while chicken, geese and turkey are kept for meat and egg production. There are many large-scale broiler and egg-laying farms close to big cities. Bees are kept in all parts of Ukraine for honey and wax.

Though the collective and state farms remain in the country, the declared intent of the Ukrainian government is to bring about a gradual privatization of farming, but it is a difficult and costly process.

The main fishing grounds are the Black Sea estuaries and the Sea of Azov, though the latter is heavily polluted by chemical fertilizers and pesticides. All the main rivers are full of fish but they suffer from pollution, too.

Task 4.

Find in the text English equivalents to the following Ukrainian words and word combinations:

невід’ємна частина, фінансувати економічний розвиток, мінеральні ресурси, залізна руда, марганець, вугілля, кокс, нафта, добування природного газу, ртуть, віск, мінеральні джерела, курорт з мінеральними водами, густо заселений регіон, металургійне обладнання, легка промисловість, взуття, цукровий буряк, пшениця, гречка, страждати від забруднення.

Task 5.

Translate the following words and word combinations into Ukrainian:

an integral part of larger economy, investment funds, national income, iron ore reserves, the richest areas of manganese-bearing ores, bituminous and anthracite coal, thermal power stations, an importer of fuels, rock salt, health spas famous for their mineral springs, mud baths, industrial heartland of the country, steelworks and plants, mining, agricultural equipment, growing importance, rich soils and a favourable climate, estuaries.

Task 6.

Match the following English words in column A with their Ukrainian equivalents from column B:

A	B
1. potatoes	a) ячмінь
2. barley	b) виноград
3. vegetables	c) горіхи
4. nuts	d) диня
5. buckwheat	e) ягоди
6. me­lons	f) картопля
7. grapes	g) гречка
8. berries	h) овочі

Task 7.

Find the odd word in each line:

1. potato, melon, buckwheat, barley

2. mining, agriculture, fishing, diving

3. coal, sugar beet, natural gas, iron ore.

Task 8.

Translate next sentences into English:

1. Україна має багаті мінеральні ресурси, розвинені легку та харчову промисловості.

2. В Україні є декілька промислових центрів, які знаходяться поруч один від одного.

3. На сьогодні Україна змушена купувати паливо, хоча раніше вона була країною-експортером.

4. В Україні є декілька курортів з мінеральними джерелами, відомими у всьому світі.

5. В країні розвинені такі галузі промисловості, як текстильна, металургійна, харчова.

6. Україна може конкурувати з багатьма країнами стосовно промисловості чорних металів.

7. Україна виготовляє та експортує обладнання для хімічної, сільськогосподарської та легкої промисловості.

8. Сільськогосподарський сектор вирощує гречку, буряк, ячмінь, ягоди, фрукти, овочі та горіхи.

Task 9.

Fill in the blanks with the words given below:

a) business, b) mineral, c) deposits, d) steel, e) space,

f) industry, g) energy, h) coal, i) rich, j) locomotives

Ukraine is relatively 1) _______ in natural resources, particularly mineral 2) _______. Although oil reserves in the country are largely exhausted, it has other important 3) _______ sources, such as 4) _______, natural gas, hydroelectricity and nuclear fuel raw materials.

Ukraine has a major ferrous metal 5) _______, producing cast iron, steel and pipes. As of 2005, Ukraine was the world’s seventh largest 6) _______ producer. Another important branch is country’s chemical industry producing coke, 7) _______ fertilizers and sulfuric acid. Manufactured goods include metallurgical equipment, diesel 8) _______, tractors, automobiles, The country possesses a massive high-tech industrial base, including much of the former USSR’s electronics, arms industry and 9) _______ program. However, these fields are state-owned and underdeveloped in terms of 10) _______ management.

Task 10.

Be ready to retell the topic Economy and Industry of Ukraine, don’t forget to mention such aspects as:

- present-day economy

- mineral resources

- health spas

- Ukraine is a highly industrialized country

- agricultural sector.

Memorize the following words and word combinations:
1.	to account	нараховувати
2.	barley	ячмінь
3.	buckwheat	гречка
4.	chemical and food industries	хімічна та харчова промисловості
5.	coal	вугілля
6.	close to	близько до
7.	to decline	зменшуватись, падати
8.	estuary	лиман, естуарій
9.	extraction	добування
10.	ferrous metals	чорні метали
11.	grain	зернові
12.	machine-tool industry	виробництво станків
13.	integral part	невід’ємна частина
14.	iron ore	залізна руда
15.	me­lon	диня
16.	to mine	видобувати, розробляти рудник
17.	mineral resources	мінеральні ресурси
18.	mineral spring	мінеральні джерела
19.	mud baths	грязьові ванни
20.	to rival	конкурувати
21.	soil	ґрунт, земля
22.	spa	мінеральне джерело, курорт з мінеральними водами
23.	sugar beet	цукровий буряк
24.	thermal power station	теплова електростанція
25.	wheat	пшениця

UNIT 10

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