SUBJUNCTIVE I 4 страница

Ex.3 Answer the following questions expressing regret in two syntactically different ways (working in pairs): Model: - Do you know much about art? - I wish I knew! - If only I knew it too! 1. Where is the monitor? 2. Have you got a car? 3. Where is the boy? 4. Will it snow tomorrow? 5. Is Mary a student? 6. Are the friends frank with you? 7. Will Ann recover soon? 8. Shall we find any flowers? 9. Are you going to write a dictation tomorrow? Ex.4 Translate the following exclamatory sentences into English: 1) Если бы он понимал, на какой риск идёт он сейчас, пытаясь посадить самолёт. 2) Ах, если бы вы знали, как я волновался вчера! 3) Если бы бабушка была жива! 4) Ах, если бы хоть кто-нибудь сказал мне о приближающейся опасности вовремя! 5) Если бы я тогда могла убедиться в этом сама! 6) И зачем я не сказала ей об этом! 7) Только бы они не сбились с дороги! 8) Если бы можно было никогда не волноваться на экзаменах! 9) Если бы письмо пришло тогда раньше! !!! Discussion:Some people believe that students should be given one long vacation each year. Others believe that students should have several short vacations throughout the year. Which viewpoint do you agree with? Use specific reasons and examples to support your choice. Additional exercises: - Рыбакова С.И. Сослагательное наклонение в соврем. англ. яз. Ex.64-66 p.61) Subjunctive II in Adverbial Clauses of Condition The Conditional Mood In adverbial clauses of condition as well as in simple sentences, having the structure of conditional clauses, we use Subjunctive II (Present or past) after the conjunctions "if, on condition, in case". Speaking of the present or future we use the past form of the verb (Subjunctive II Present) in the adverbial clause itself. Ex. If I knew her address, I would say it.  

infinitive without the particle "to" has come to be used so frequently in neutral style and even colloquially that it has lost its former stylistic distinctions functioning now as a variant of the analytical construction "should + Infinitive". The two forms are used indiscriminately: 1. In subordinate clauses after verbs(also nouns) expressing suggestion, order, insistence, etc.; 2. In clauses introduced by the conjunction lest; 3. In subjectclauses following the principle clause with formal "it" as subject (Rodionov A.F., Variants in Current English Grammar, M-81, p. 91). Moreover, the author claims the analytical construction "should + Infinitive" to be used more rarely than Subjunctive I (p. 91). I.2.1. Subject Clauses The Suppositional mood and Subjunctive I are used in subject clauses after the principal clauses denoting subjective appraisal of the action or situation described in the subordinate clause. The subject of such principal clauses is usually expressed by the pronoun "it", the predicate is compound nominal and includes adjectives and nouns with modal meaning (necessary, imperative, etc.) or adjectives and nouns giving estimation of the action or situation described in the subordinate clause (strange, annoying, etc.). The Suppositional Mood it is necessary it is impossible (THAT) smb should do smth it is strange smb should (have) done smth Subjunctive I it is imperative it is annoying (THAT) smb do smth it is a shame it is a pity It is necessary that you should help them. = It is necessary that you help them. · In most of such cases the action of the subordinate clause follows the action of the principle clause. Therefore, "should" is almost never combined with the perfect infinitive in such constructions. · As a rule subject clauses after the predicate are introduced by the conjunction "that", asyndetic connection is not common. · Notice that the rules of the sequence of tenses are not observed when the Suppositional Mood or Subjunctive I are used. E.g.: It is arranged (it was arranged) that he should make a report.  

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I. THE SUPPOSITIONAL MOOD In this part of the handover we are speaking of the first case: the structurally dependent use of forms expressing unreality. they are: the Suppositional Mood and Subjunctive I, which represent the action as desirable or undesirable, suggested, advised, supposed, etc. and are correspondingly use to express necessity, suggestion, advice, supposition, etc. I.1. THE MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS I.1.1. The Suppositional mood is formed with the help of the auxiliary verb "should" for allpersons singular and plural and the Infinitive of the notional verb in the necessary form without the particle "to". It can have two forms: "perfect" and "non-perfect": Non-perfect is used to express simultaneousness in the present or past and refers the action to the future. E.g.: I suppose that she (they, you, the book) should write (be writing, be written). The Perfect form of the Suppositional mood is used to express prior possibilities of an action or situation. E.g.: I suppose that (she, we, the letter) should have written (have been written already). Due to the fact that suggestion, advice, recommendation as a rule refer to the future the perfect form of the Suppositional Mood is rather seldom used. I.1.2. Subjunctive I has oneform which is used with reference to any time. E.g.: I insist that you be there in time. I.2. The Use of the Suppositional Mood and Subjunctive I The two forms of mood are used in the same sentence patterns and exist side by side. E.g.: I suggest that he go (should go) with us. It is necessary that he go (should go) with us. Most grammarians of academic grammar say the difference between the two forms is stylistic: "should + Infinitive" is in common use and may be found in any style, Subjunctive I is restricted to the language of official documents and high prose in British English. In American English Subjunctive I is generally preferred for common use, whereas the Suppositional Mood is left for the official cases. The latter becoming quite a tangible tendency, we may soon come to agree with the following statement of the present-day grammarian Rodionov A.F.: "In the last three decades "the Simple Subjunctive", i.e. the one having the same form as the

Speaking of the past we must refer the action to the past by using the Past Perfect form of the verb (Subjunctive II Past). Ex. If you had given the example, the pupils would have understood the rule at once. Note: If the subject of the adverbial conditional clause is followed by the verbs "to be, to have" or modal verbs in Subjunctive II, the word order may be inverted and the conjunction is dropped in such cases. Ex. If I were free I would join you. - Were I free, I would join you. If I had been free, I would have joined you. - Had I been free, I would have joined you. If we returned to the previous two examples and analysed the types of moods used in them, we would note the use of the Conditional Mood in the principal clauses: Ex. If I knew her address, I would say it. The verb predicate of the principal clause has the form of the Conditional Mood. In this sentence reference is made to the present moment: "я бы сказала..." Ex. If he had given examples, the pupils would have understood the rule at once. Here reference is made to some past moment. The Conditional Past is used: "они бы поняли правило сразу". Ex.5 Make the following sentences more emphatic by adding the the words "really", "very" (chorus work) Model: How nice it would be if we had four more hours of English a week. - Really, it would be very nice if we had four more hours of English a week. 1. How nice it would be if we had a day off. 2. How nice it would be if we had a new flat. 3. How nice it would be if we passed all exams. 4. Now nice it would be if we knew English literature better. 5. How nice it would be if this happy day did not end. 6. How nice it would be if we could go on a tour. 7. How nice it would be if we knew French, too. Ex.6 What you would do under the following circumstances (use the Conditional Mood): 1. If you were free tonight... 2. If you were in the teacher's place... 3. If you were busy translating the article... 4. If you had no classes tomorrow... 5. If you had no English-Russian dictionary... 6.If all your dreams came true... 7. If you were to cross the ocean... 8. If you had a million roubles... 9. If you were about to miss the train... Ex.7 State in what case you would act in the following way (using Subjunctive II): 1. You would sit up late if... 2.You would eat things you don't like if... 3. You would act on the stage... 4. You would write detective stories... 5. You wouldn't study foreign languages... 6. You wouldn't ask your mother to buy an ice-cream... 7. You would tell a lie... 8. You would study mathematics... 9. You wouldn't go home early... Ex.8 Say, that you would act in the same way or differently if you in these people's places: Model: Ann is a teacher by profession but she sells newspaper in the bookstall. - If I were a teacher, I wouldn't sell newspapers but I would teach pupils at school. 1. Kate is very tired after her work but she keeps late hours. 2.Betty is a good singer but she never sings in the presence many people. 3. Peter is the monitor of our group but he  

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has no sense of responsibility. 4. My friend is a sportsman but he is lazy and does not train regularly. 5. Ann is a doctor but she does not put her heart into her work. 6. Nick is a bus-driver but he is often late for his work. 7. Bob is a student of our group but he never spends his free time with his groupmates. Ex.9 What would you do under the following circumstances: 1. Your group mate gets into trouble. 2.Your grandfather needs a new coat. 3. Your TV set needs repairing. 4. The cake is not good. 5. The milk is sour. 6. Mother is extremely tired. 7. The performance is rather dull. 8. Your dream is not to come true. 9. Your brother does not obey you. Ex.10 Listen to the song "If I were you I wouldn't..." recorded, and try to imitate it. Ex.11 Advise your neighbour not to do it. Model: to go to bed so late - If I were you I wouldn't (shouldn't) go to bed so late. Prompts: to be rude to my sister, to waste my time, to waste my money, to watch TV for five hours a day, to disturb my neighbours, to get into debt, to make a noise, to make a row, to go out without an umbrella, to use very strong scent, to keep a snake as a pet, to ask my mother to iron my shirts. Ex.12 Translate the following into English: 1. Если бы вы больше гуляли, вы бы чувствовали себя лучше. 2. Вы встретили бы мою сестру: если бы сейчас гуляли в Летнем саду. 3. Если бы вы любили прогулки на свежем воздухе, вы чаще гуляли с нами. 4. Если бы вы не были так заняты, мы с вами ездили бы за город каждое воскресенье. 5. Если бы я была завтра свободна, я обязательно погуляла бы с вами в парке. Ex.13 a) Memorize the verse and use it in your teaching practice to drill Subjunctive II Present and the Conditional Mood Present; b) try to give its translation in rhyme. If all the seas were one sea, And if all the men were one man, What a great sea that would be! What a great man he would be! And if all the trees were one tree, And if the great man took the great axe, What a great tree that would be! And cut down the great tree, And if all the axes were one axe, And let it fall into the great sea, What a great axe that would be! What a splish splash that would be! Ex.14 a) Read the stories, reproduce them and answer the questions following them; b) make up similar stories of your own: * * * If I were a writer I should take a pen and write a story. If I wrote a story about nature it would be a picturesque one with wonderful descriptions of woods, valleys, meadows and things of the kind. If I made up my mind to write a love story it would be lyrical and moving and by all means with a happy end. And if I risked to compose s detective story it would be full of murders, robberies, adventures and accidents. * What would you write if you were a writer?  

Part II The Suppositional Mood STRUCTURALLY DEPENDENT USE OF FORMS EXPRESSING UNREALITY   As it is stated by Y.A. Blokh in his book "A Course of Theoretical English Grammar" (M - 1983, p. 186) "The category ofmood expresses the character of connection between the process denoted by the verb and the actual reality, either representing the process as a fact that really happened, happens or will happen, or treating it as imaginary phenomenon..." Thus the Indicative Mood is a fact mood representing the action as a real fact, the Imperative expresses the will of the speaker in the form of commands and requests. The Conditional Mood, Subjunctive II, Subjunctive I and the Suppositional Moods belong to "Oblique moods" (косвенные наклонения). They represent the action as unreal. Before going deeper into the description of the various forms of unreality and their usage it is necessary to understand the factors that determine their choice. 1. Sometimes the choice between the Indicative and other types of mood depends on the structure of the sentence, mainly on the type of the subordinate clause in which the form occurs, and in certain cases even on the lexical character of the predicate verb in the principal clause. We say then that this is the structurally dependent use of the forms expressing unreality. 2. In other cases the choice isindependent of the structure of the sentence and is determined bymeaning, by the attitude of the speaker towards the actions expressed in the sentence. This may be termed as "the independent (or free) use" of forms expressing unreality. 3. In a limited number of cases the use of forms expressing unreality has become a matter of tradition and is to be treated as set phrases, because other sentences cannot be built on their patterns (see also Gordon E.M., M-74, paragraph 129, p. 113: the list of expressions)  

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Ex.4 Make up cause-and-effect statements based on the facts given below. Model: The tyre blew out. - If the tyre hadn't blown out, we wouldn't have missed the train. 1. The ship struck the rock. 2. The boy teased the dog. 3. The plain and a mechanical failure. 5. The alarm-clock didn't go off. 6. Neither side agreed to compromise. 7. John was driving recklessly. 8. The certificate was out of date. 9. James was colour-blind. Ex.5 Do a bit of arithmetic by using the forms of unreality: 1. Miss Dixon is a telephone operator. She went on duty at Ten in the evening and went off duty at five in the morning. (How long was she on duty? How long would she have been on duty if she had been relieved at six in the morning? When would she have been more tired? How much time could you work without being relieved if you were a telephone operator?) 2. The boy has got five pencils. (How many pencils would he have if you gave him another five pencils (ten, twenty...)?) 3. Mr.Manson was driving at a speed of sixty miles an hour and got to the place of destination in three hours.(How long would it have taken him to reach his destination if he had driven at a speed of thirty miles an hour?) 4. The spaceship was in space 30 hours and circles the earth 5 times. (How many times would it have orbited the earth if it had been in space 120 hours? Would you like to fly to the Moon? Why?) Ex.6 Make up dialodues on the pattern suggested using the correct time reference: Pattern: A: What would you do if your friend were out when you came to see him? B: I would leave a message. A: Supposing it happened yesterday. What would you have done? B: I would have left a message. A: Would you have left a message if you friend had been at home? B: I certainly wouldn't. I would have talked with him if I had found him in.   1. What would you do if on the way to your office you realized that you were being late? (take a taxi) 2.... if after buying a suit you realized you didn't like it? (return to the shop and get a new one) 3.... if your radio set got broken. (call a radio man) !!! Discussion:In some countries people are no longer allowed to smoke in many public places and office buildings. Do you think this is a god law or a bad law? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.  

Once a man asked a young lady whom he liked very much what she would do if she got married. The girl answered that if she got married she would appear in society. And if she appeared in society she would buy fashionable dresses and jewelry to have some extraordinary look."Thank you", said the man, "now I am quite sure I do not want to marry you". "If I married you I should be down and out in two weeks". * What would you answer if you were in the young lady's place? Little Ann Dreams If I were a traveller I should take a trip round the world and see many foreign countries. If I saw many foreign countries I should meet different people and learn a lot of interesting things. If I learned a lot of interesting things I should write a book. If I wrote a book it would be a good one and my parents would buy it and read it. If they read it they would say: "What a clever girl our daughter is" and would allow me to go to the yard to play. * What would you dream about if you were a little girl? !!! Discussion:If you could know something about the future, what would you choose to know about and why? Additional exercises: - Natanson: pp. 10-17; Ex. 1,2 (11), 6 (14), 9 (16), 12 (17) - Krutikov Y.A.: 1-3 (85-86), Krylova I.P. pp.24-28, Rybakova S.I. 18-24 (30-34) - Read "The Ransom of Red Chief" by O. Henry. Get ready to act as Red Chief and tell your friends what you would have done if you were a kidnapper. The Conditional Mood in simple sentences with the "But for.."construction or adverbial clauses of condition "if it were not for..." Ex. If it were not for the rain we would go for a walk. - But for the rain we would go for a walk. (the meaning in both the sentences is the same). Ex.1 Make a statement of the actions that would (wouldn't) take place but for certain conditions: Model: - Would you like to spend the holiday in the mountains? - I would certainly spend my holiday in the mountains but for the thick fog there. 1. Would you like to go to Moscow next week? 2. Would you help me with my report? 3. Would your mother go there on foot? 4. Would you like to go and see the film? 5. Will you buy the shoes? 6. Will you really come to see me off? 7. Will you have your teaching practice another time? 8. Will you answer your individual reading today? 9. Are you going to be involved in commercial business? Ex.2 Say what you would do but for certain conditions: 1. But for her firm character.... 2. But for the spelling mistakes... 3. But for her unpleasant voice... 4. But for the lack of free time... 5. But for his bad manners... 6. But for my absent-mindedness... 7. But for what you have told me... 8. But for my mother's present state... 9. But for the wind...  

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Ex.3 Translate the following sentences using the corresponding mood forms in the conditional and in the principal clauses: 1. Если бы я сказал вам это сейчас, что бы вы мне ответили? 2. Если бы я встретила его теперь, не знаю, узнала ли бы я его. 3. Если бы он сейчас и пришёл, мы всё равно опоздали бы на поезд. 4. Если бы ночью стало холодно, мы бы развели костер. 5.Если бы он попросил тебя помочь, ты согласился бы? 6. Если бы пошел дождь, он бы все испортил. 7. Если бы вы услышали, как она играет, вы бы со мной согласились, что ей надо поступать в консерваторию. 8. Если бы вы приехали в Москву, вы бы могли погостить несколько дней у меня. 9. Если бы не начало диктанта, он был бы совсем легким. 10.Если бы не мое волнение, я бы отвечала на экзаменах лучше. 11.Она могла бы быть прекрасной студенткой, если бы не её лень. 12.Если бы не её объяснение, я бы сейчас делала ошибки. 13.Если бы не туфли, которые мне малы (that pinch me), мне было бы совсем весело. 14. Если бы у меня было больше времени, я бы поговорила с тобой сейчас же. !!! Discussion:Students at universities often have a choice of places to live. They may choose to live in university dormitories, or they may chose to live in apartments in the community. Compare the advantages of living in university housing with the advantages of living in an apartment in the community. Which would you prefer? Give reasons for your preference. Additional exercises: - Natanson: Ex. 13 (18), 14 (19), 16 (20) - Krutikov: Ex. 26 (100) - Rybakova S.I.15-16 (29-30)   Four Types of Conditional Sentences in English Complex sentences with adverbial clauses of condition are usually called "conditional sentences". There are four types of conditional sentences. Type 1. These are sentences of real condition in which the indicative mood is used both in the principal and in the subordinate clauses. Ex. If it is really so, I can only say that I am sorry for it. (Если это действительно так, я могу только сказать, что сожалею об этом.) Type 2. Sentences of unreal condition referring to the present (or to the future). In such sentences the non-perfect form (the Conditional Present) is used in the principal clause and the past form of the verb (Subjunctive II Present)is used in the adverbial subordinate clause of condition. Ex. If he came into the room now, I'd know him right off. (Если бы он вошел в эту комнату, я сразу бы его узнала.) Type 3. Sentences of unreal condition referring to the past. In such sentences the perfect form of the Conditional Mood (Conditional Past) is used in the principal  

clause and the perfect form of Subjunctive II (Subjunctive II Past) is used in the adverbial clause of condition. Ex. If she had worked hard, she would have finished the work long ago. (Если бы она работала упорно, она давно закончила эту работу.) Type 4. Mixed conditional sentences. They are combinations of sentences of types 2 and 3, i.e. one of the clauses refers to the present (or future), while the other refers to the past. We speak here of the so-called "Split Condition". Ex. a) If they had finished the work yesterday, they would be free now. (Если бы они закончили работу вчера, они были бы сейчас свободны.) b) If I liked mathematics, I would have entered the mathematical faculty several years ago. c) If you had rung me up yesterday to say you were coming, I should'nt have been waiting for you the whole evening. Ex.1 Draw a table in your own notebooks and fill it in with examples from fiction (or your own) by analogy with those given in the table. Pay attention to the three types of unreal condition. Condition Consequence 1. If I were free tomorrow 1. I would go to a concert. 2. 2. 3. 3. 1. If I had been free yesterday 1. I would have gone to a concert. 2. 2. 3. 3. 1. If I liked physics 1. I should have entered the physical faculty last year. 2. 2. 3. 3. 1. If you had read for your exams before 1. you would not be working so hard now. 2. 2. 3. 3. Ex. 2 Say what you would have done if the weather had been fine yesterday. Model: to go to the country - If the weather had been fine yesterday, I would (should) have gone to the country. Prompts: to go fishing, not to stay at home, to go boating, to go for a drive, to weed the flowerbed, to invite my friend for a walk, to go for a picnic with my friend. Ex.3 Change the answer: Model: Why didn't Peter take his umbrella? - He didn't know it was going to rain. - If he had known it was going to rain, he would have taken his umbrella. 1. Why didn't you do your homework last night? - I didn't bring my book home. 2. Why wasn't Ada on time for work this morning? - Her alarm-clock didn't ring. 3. Why didn't you send me a letter? - I forgot the address. 4. Why didn't Ann buy that new tape-recorder? - She didn't have enough money.  

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