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1) The navigator may encounter many (dangers, shoals, areas) at sea.
2) (Shoals, draught, rocks) may threaten the ship’s (area, safety, draught).
3) Ice formations occur in bays,(areas, point, gulfs), straits.
4) A (rock, shoal, cliff) above water lies about 6 cables (east, north, west)ward of the southern eastern extremity of the island.
Ex. 3 Look at the photos. What can you say about?
Ex.4 Read the text and answer the following questions:
¯ What dangers may threaten the ship's safety?
¯ Why is navigation especially dangerous in the North?
¯ Why is the ice in bays more dangerous than in the open sea?
¯ What makes sometimes the navigator change the ship's course in the
Northern seas?
¯When is it especially recommended to keep a sharp look out?
There are many dangers which the navigator may encounter. Banks, patches,
underwater rocks, shallow waters may threaten the ship's safety.
When navigating in dangerous areas the navigator should avoid all these dangers.
As a rule, all the dangers are shown on the charts. They are also described in
pilot-books. That's why pilot-books and charts should always be carefully con-
sulted. Navigation in the Northern seas is especially dangerous, because of ice. In the open sea ships can meet floating ice formations. Fast ice is often found over shoals.
Icebergs broken away from the parent formation may float in the open sea. Ice formations may prevent the ship's movement. They make the navigator sometimes change course and speed. When sailing in dangerous areas a sharp look-out should be always kept.
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