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FAR EAST
Japan
[Wikipedia] The population of Japan at the time of the Meiji Restoration was estimated to be 34,985,000 on January 1, 1873, while the official original family registries (本籍 honseki ? ) and de facto (or present registries (現住 genjū ? )) populations on the same day were 33,300,644 and 33,416,939, respectively. These were comparable to the population of the United Kingdom (31,000,000), France (38,000,000), Austria-Hungary (38,000,000), and the United States (38,558,371) in 1870.
The first national census based on full sampling of inhabitants was conducted in Japan in 1920, and was conducted every five years thereafter. Per the Statistics Bureau of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, the population distribution of Japan proper from 1920 to 1945 is as follows
| Date | Population | % Change | Area (km2) | Density (km2) | % Urban |
| 1920-10-01 | 55,963,053 | NA | 381,808.04 | 18.0 | |
| 1925-10-01 | 59,736,822 | 6.7 | 381,810.06 | 21.6 | |
| 1930-10-01 | 64,450,005 | 7.9 | 382,264.91 | 24.0 | |
| 1935-10-01 | 69,254,148 | 7.5 | 382,545.42 | 32.7 | |
| 1940-10-01 | 73,114,308 | 5.6 | 382,545.42 | 37.7 | |
| 1945-11-01 | 71,998,104 | -0.7 | 377,298.15 | 22.8 |
Japan annexed Taiwan after the First Sino-Japanese War, while victory in the Russo-Japanese War gained Japan the Kwantung Leased Territory, Karafuto, and Korea. These acquisitions increased the area controlled by Japanese to 262,912 square miles (680,939 km2).
Per the 1920 census, the total population of the Empire of Japan, including Taiwan, Korea and Karafuto was 64,940,034 in Dec 31, 1908, which could be broken down as follows:
The demographic features of the population of Japan include population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population.
Birth and death rates of Japan since 1950,
As of the most recent census (October 2010), Japan's population is 128,057,352; for March 2012 the estimated population is 127,650,000 making it the world's tenth most populated country. Its size can be attributed to fast growth rates experienced during the late C19th and early C20th.
Japan experienced net population loss in recent years due to falling birth rates and almost no net immigration, despite having one of the highest life expectancies in the world at 81.25 years of age as of 2006. Using the annual estimate for October of each year, the population peaked in 2008 at 128,083,960 and had fallen 285,256 by October 2011. Its population density was 336 people per square kilometer.
Based on the Health and Welfare ministry estimation released in January 2012, Japan's population will keep declining by about one million people every year in the coming decades, which will leave Japan with a population of 87 million in 2060. By that time, more than 40% of the population is expected to be over the age of 65.
Japanese people enjoy a high standard of living, and nearly 90% of the population consider themselves part of the middle class. However, many studies on happiness and satisfaction with life tend to find that Japanese people average relatively low levels of life satisfaction and happiness when compared to most of the highly developed world; the levels have remained consistent if not declining slightly over the last half century. Japanese have been surveyed to be relatively lacking in financial satisfaction. The suicide rates per 100,000 in Japan in 2004 were 36.5 for men and 12.8 for women, the second-highest in the OECD. While in 2010 estimated suicidal incidents were 32000 which means about 88 Japanese nationals committed suicide per day in 2010.
What has Japan lost and what has it gained in the past fifty years?
We discussed in class the choice a couple must make – a child or the woman’s career.
Is this part of why the suicide rate is so high?
Is it linked to the fact that Japan is a shame culture where ‘face’ is a priority?
What is the lack of satisfaction? Is it assumed money will bring happiness?
China
[Wikipedia] The demographics of the People's Republic of China are identified by a large population with a relatively small youth division, partially a result of the one-child policy.
Today, China's population is [registered at] over 1.3 billion, the largest in the world. China's population growth rate is only 0.47%, ranking 156th in the world.
China has been the world's most populous nation for many centuries. In the 1920s and 1930s, Chinese interest in social programs through reproductive control, including eugenics, intensified. Beginning in the mid-1950s, the Chinese government introduced a number of family planning, or population control, campaigns and programs. China's fast-growing population was a major concern for its leaders so in the early 1970s, the government implemented the stringent one-child policy (publicly announced in 1979). Under this policy, married Han couples were officially permitted only one child. As a result, China successfully achieved its goal of a more stable and much-reduced fertility rate; in 2010 women had an average of 1.54 children versus an estimated 5.4 children in 1971. Enforcement of the program, however, varied considerably from place to place, depending on the vigilance of local population control workers.
| Historical population of China | |||
| Census | Pop. | %± | |
| 582,603,417 | — | ||
| 694,581,759 | 19.2% | ||
| 1,008,175,288 | 45.1% | ||
| 1,133,682,501 | 12.4% | ||
| 1,265,830,000 | 11.7% | ||
| 1,339,724,852 | 5.8% | ||
| Source: Census of China |
In 1982 China conducted its first population census since 1964. It was by far the most thorough and accurate census taken since 1949 and confirmed that China was a nation of more than 1 billion people, or about one-fifth of the world's population. The census provided demographers with a set of data on China's age-sex structure, fertility and mortality rates, and population density and distribution. Information was also gathered on minority ethnic groups, urban population, and marital status. For the first time since the People's Republic of China was founded, demographers had reliable information on the size and composition of the Chinese work force. Assisted by the United Nation, China began preparing for the 1982 census in late 1976. Chinese census workers were sent to the United States and Japan to study modern census-taking techniques and automation. Computers were installed in every provincial-level unit except Tibet and were connected to a central processing system in the Beijing headquarters of the State Statistical Bureau. Pre-tests and small scale trial runs were conducted and checked for accuracy between 1980 and 1981 in twenty-four provincial-level units. Census stations were opened in rural production brigades and urban neighbourhoods. Beginning 1 July 1982, each household sent a representative to a census station to be enumerated. The census required about a month to complete and employed approximately 5 million census takers.
The 1982 census collected data in nineteen demographic categories relating to individuals and households. The thirteen areas concerning individuals were name, relationship to head of household, sex, age, nationality, registration status, educational level, profession, occupation, status of nonworking persons, marital status, number of children born and still living, and number of births in 1981. The six items pertaining to households were type (domestic or collective), serial number, number of persons, number of births in 1981, number of deaths in 1981, and number of registered persons absent for more than one year. Information was gathered in a number of important areas for which previous data were either extremely inaccurate or simply nonexistent, including fertility, marital status, urban population, minority ethnic groups, sex composition, age distribution, and employment and unemployment.
A fundamental anomaly in the 1982 statistics was noted by some Western analysts. They pointed out that although the birth and death rates recorded by the census and those recorded through the household registration system were different, the two systems arrived at similar population totals. The discrepancies in the vital rates were the result of the underreporting of both births and deaths to the authorities under the registration system; families would not report some births because of the one-child policy and some deaths so as to hold on to the rations of the deceased.
Nevertheless, the 1982 census was a watershed for both Chinese and world demographics. After an eighteen-year gap, population specialists were given a wealth of reliable, up-to-date figures on which to reconstruct past demographic patterns, measure current population conditions, and predict future population trends. For example, Chinese and foreign demographers used the 1982 census age-sex structure as the base population for forecasting and making assumptions about future fertility trends. The data on age-specific fertility and mortality rates provided the necessary base-line information for making population projections. The census data also were useful for estimating future manpower potential, consumer needs, and utility, energy, and health-service requirements. The sudden abundance of demographic data helped population specialists immeasurably in their efforts to estimate world population. Previously, there had been no accurate information on these 21 percent of the Earth's inhabitants. Demographers who had been conducting research on global population without accurate data on the Chinese fifth of the world's population were particularly thankful for the 1982 breakthrough census.
See ‘L12 China 1-child policy’ on LMS for the history and consequences of population control.
MIDDLE EAST
The Ottoman Empire
[Wikipedia] Demographic data for the most of the history of the Ottoman Empire is not quite precise. For most of the five centuries of its existence, the empire did not have easily computable valid data except figures for the number of employed citizens. Until the first official census (1881–1893), data was derived from extending the taxation values to the total population. Because of the use of taxation data to infer population size, detailed data for numerous Ottoman urban centers - towns with more than 5000 inhabitants - is accurate. This data was collaborated with data on wages and prices. Another source was used for the numbers of landlords of households in the Ottoman Empire- every household was assumed to have 5 residents.
The first official census (1881–1893) took 10 years to finish. In 1893 the results were compiled and presented. This census is the first modern, general and standardized census accomplished not for taxation nor for military purposes, but to acquire demographic data. The population was divided into ethno-religious and gender characteristics. Numbers of both male and female subjects are given in ethno-religious categories including Muslims, Greeks, Armenians, Bulgarians, Catholics, Jews, Protestants, Latins, Syriacs and Gypsies.
After 1893 the Ottoman Empire established a statistics authority (Istatistik-i Umumi Idaresi) under which results of another official census was published in 1899.
Istatistik-i Umumi Idaresi conducted a new census survey for which field work lasted two years (1905–06). As a factual note this survey's complete (total) documentation was not published. Results of regional studies on this data were published later, which were sorted by their publication date. Included in the publication and subsequent ones was the Ottoman Empire's population as of 1911, 1912, and 1914. The substantial archival documentation on the census has been used in many modern studies and international publications. After 1906 the Ottoman Empire began to disband and a chain of violent wars such as the Italo-Turkish War, Balkan Wars and World War I drastically changed the region, its borders, and its demographics.
Awareness of the previous demographic status of the Ottoman Empire, and the disruption to huge population groups in the C19th and C20th, allows us to analyze present demographic statistics with a higher resolution of clarity for present and future trends. For how what is happening in former regions of the Empire are being interpreted by various interest groups, please open on LMS:
L12 Population trends Middle East 2001[article]
L12 Youth in ME & Africa 2007 [article]
L12 Demographics of Arab Protests 2012 [article]
L12 Palestinian population boom worries Israel 2012 [video]
What happens to the youth already competing for space in the Middle East? Go to http://www.prx.org/pieces/61298-the-backpack#description for one story, and read an answer set up by the Israeli & Arab leaders in an attempt to build a bridge, in L12 EM UWC Arab-Israeli.
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