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In July, the British government announced that the UK economy has already seen a GBP 9.9 billion trade and investment boost from hosting the Games, just one year into a four-year programme of activities and events aimed at capitalising on London’s Olympic success.
In the lead-up to London 2012, Games-related projects helped generate thousands of jobs in Great Britain during the worst global recession in more than 60 years, and economists are predicting that the economic benefits of hosting the Games will continue, with an Oxford Economics study estimating that the Games will have generated GBP 16.5 billion for the British economy by 2017, when factoring in pre-Games construction and other early Games-related economic activity.
An independent report projects that the total benefit to the UK from hosting London 2012 could reach up to GBP 41 billion by 2020, underlining the positive impact the Games have had on new business contracts, additional sales and foreign investment.
“London 2012 was a once in a generation opportunity to showcase everything that makes Britain great in order to generate long-term economic benefits”, said London 2012 Chairman Seb Coe during a visit to Madrid in March. “The winning, planning, delivery and legacy of the Olympic Games called upon all the qualities that make the UK stand out in the global economy. Based on the expertise that they developed in London, British companies are now winning contracts to help other nations deliver their Olympic Games.”
One of the main areas of the economy that benefited from the Games was the construction industry, with a report commissioned by the UK government revealing that construction projects for London 2012 had given the UK economy a £7.3 billion boost.
The Games also had a positive impact on unemployment levels, with independent experts reporting that Games preparations were a major factor behind a 1.2 per cent reduction in London's unemployment rate in early 2012.
In total, more than 46,000 people worked on the Olympic Park and Olympic Village – 10 per cent of whom were previously unemployed – while, at the peak of the Games, around 39 per cent of people directly employed by LOGOG were unemployed prior to their involvement in the Games, with schemes put in place to improve the professional skills of the unemployed and their employment prospects after the Games.
Estimates now suggest that the 2012 Games are expected to create 17,900 additional jobs per year between 2012 and 2015, with 70,000 workless Londoners already helped into Games-related employment, creating a labour market legacy.
The large number of tourists who flocked to London for the 2012 Olympic Games also helped lift the British economy, with figures released by the Office of National Statistics showing that the 590,000 people who visited the city for the Games, or attended a ticketed event, spent an average of GBP 1,290 during their visit, compared with GBP 650 by other visitors.
With so many economic benefits already reported, London Mayor Boris Johnson has hailed the impact of hosting the 2012 Olympic Games.
“Since last summer, the capital has seen a surge in overseas investment totalling billions from Croydon to Battersea to the Royal Albert Docks as well as seeing an extraordinary transformation of East London,” he said. “This is delivering tens of thousands of jobs not only in London but spurring growth across the UK and helping the country sprint ahead in the global race for business.”
Во время подготовки, проведения и после окончания олимпиады возникают дополнительные рабочие места. Формируется следующая занятость:
- Временная: строительные рабочие, дополнительное гостиничное и транспортное обслуживание, волонтеры
- Постоянная: персонал и руководство гостиниц, ресторанов, технический персонал
И все же регион может использовать определенный постолимпийский потенциал:
- Использование заслуженного за время Олимпиады имиджа города для привлечения внутренних и иностранных туристов
- Город «просыпается знаменитым» в день объявления места проведения очередной Олимпиады
- Развитие «смежных» производств: изготовление спортивного инвентаря, сувенирной продукции, производство продуктов питания, сфера услуг
Положительным примером могут служить олимпийские игры в Солт-Лейк-Сити(2002):
- Доходы покрыли все расходы на проведение Игр и принесло организаторам и инвесторам прямую прибыль более $100 миллионов
- Сейчас город приближается к получению более $2,5 миллиардов за счет экономического роста
- Возможно участие в конкурсе за право проведения Игр 2018 или 2022 годов
В Турине(2006):
- Олимпиада сделала Турин узнаваемым городом мира
- Увеличился туризм: 1,5 млн. туристов за время Олимпиады по сравнению с 2,5 млн. за весь 2005 год
- Олимпийские сооружения улучшают качество отдыха и жизни
- Произошла диверсификация экономики
Pakistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, (Urdu: اسلامی جمہوریۂ پاكستان ALA-LC: Islāmī Jumhūriyah-yi Pākistān IPA: [ɪslɑːmiː d͡ʒʊmɦuːriəɪh pɑːkɪst̪ɑːn]) is a sovereign country in South Asia. With a population exceeding 180 million people, it is the sixth most populous country and, it is the 36th largest country in the world in terms of area. Located at the crossroads of the strategically important regions of South Asia, Central Asia and Western Asia, Pakistan has a coastline along the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman in the south and is bordered by India to the east, Afghanistan to the west and north, Iran to the southwest and China in the far northeast. It is separated from Tajikistan by Afghanistan's narrow Wakhan Corridor in the north, and also shares a marine border withOman.
The territory of modern Pakistan was home to several ancient cultures, including the Neolithic Mehrgarh and the Bronze Age Indus Valley Civilisation. The territory has been the home to kingdoms ruled by people of different faiths and cultures, including Hindus, Persian, Indo-Greek, Islamic, Turco-Mongol, Afghan and Sikh. The area has been ruled by numerous empires and dynasties, including the Indian Mauryan Empire, the Persian Achaemenid Empire, Alexander of Macedonia, the Arab Umayyad Caliphate, the Mongol Empire, the Mughal Empire, the Durrani Empire, the Sikh Empire and the British Empire. As a result of the Pakistan Movement led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah and Subcontinent's struggle for independence, Pakistan was created in 1947 as an independent nation for Muslims from the regions in the east and west of Subcontinent where there was a Muslim majority. Initially a dominion, Pakistan adopted a new constitution in 1956, becoming an Islamic republic. A civil war in 1971 resulted in the secession of East Pakistan as the new country of Bangladesh.
Pakistan is a federal parliamentary republic consisting of four provinces and four federal territories. It is an ethnically and linguistically diverse country, with a similar variation in its geography and wildlife. A regional and middle power,[11][12]Pakistan has the fourth largest standing armed forces in the world and is also a nuclear power as well as a declared nuclear weapons state, being the only nation in the Muslim world, and the second in South Asia, to have that status. It has a semi-industrialised economy with a well-integrated agriculture sector, its economy is the 26th largest in the world in terms of purchasing power and 45th largest in terms of nominal GDP and is also characterized among the emerging and growth-leading economies of the world.
Pakistan's post-independence history has been characterised by periods of military rule, political instability and conflicts with neighbouring India. The country continues to face challenging problems, including overpopulation, terrorism,poverty, illiteracy and corruption but regardless of that it ranks among the countries with most income equality[13] while has among the worlds most happiest citizens.[14] It also ranks among worlds most powerful countries. It is a founding member of the Organisation of the Islamic Conference (now the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation) and is a member of the United Nations, the Commonwealth of Nations, the Next Eleven Economies, SAARC, ECO, UfC,D8, Cairns Group,Kyoto Protocol, ICCPR, RCD, UNCHR, Group of Eleven, CPFTA, Group of 24, the G20 developing nations, ECOSOC and CERN.[15] It is also characterized as a Major non-NATO ally by United States.
"Ceylon" redirects here. For the time period of 1948–1972, see Dominion of Ceylon. For other uses, see Ceylon (disambiguation).
| Democratic Socialist Republic ofSri Lanka ශ්රී ලංකා ප්රජාතාන්ත්රික සමාජවාදී ජනරජය இலங்கை சனநாயக சோசலிசக் குடியரசு | ||||
| ||||
| Anthem: Sri Lanka Matha Mother Sri Lanka | ||||
| ||||
| Capital | Colombo (Commercial) Sri Jayawardenapura Kotte (Administrative)  6°54′N 79°54′E
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| Largest city | Colombo | |||
| Official languages | · Sinhala · Tamil | |||
| Recognized | English | |||
| Demonym | Sri Lankan | |||
| Government | Unitary semi-presidentialconstitutional republic | |||
| - | President | Mahinda Rajapaksa | ||
| - | Prime Minister | D. M. Jayaratne | ||
| - | Speaker of the Parliament | Chamal Rajapaksa | ||
| - | Chief Justice | Mohan Peiris[1] | ||
| Legislature | Parliament | |||
| Independencefrom the United Kingdom | ||||
| - | Dominion | 4 February 1948 | ||
| - | Republic | 22 May 1972 | ||
| - | Current constitution | 7 September 1978 | ||
| Area | ||||
| - | Total | 65,610 km2 (122nd) 25,332 sq mi | ||
| - | Water (%) | 4.4 | ||
| Population | ||||
| - | 2012 census | 20,277,597[2] (57th) | ||
| - | Density | 323/km2 (40th) 836.6/sq mi | ||
| GDP (PPP) | 2012 estimate | |||
| - | Total | $127 billion[3] (64th) | ||
| - | Per capita | $6,135[3] (111th) | ||
| GDP (nominal) | 2012 estimate | |||
| - | Total | $64.914 billion[3] (68th) | ||
| - | Per capita | $3,139[3] (123rd) | ||
| Gini (2010) | 36.4[4] medium | |||
| HDI (2012) |  0.715[5] high · 92nd
| |||
| Currency | Sri Lankan rupee (LKR) | |||
| Time zone | SLST (UTC+5:30) | |||
| Date format | dd/mm/yyyy (AD) | |||
| Drives on the | left | |||
| Calling code | +94 | |||
| ISO 3166 code | LK | |||
| Internet TLD | ·.lk ·.ලංකා ·.இலங்கை |
Sri Lanka (/sriːˈlɑːŋkə, -ˈlæŋkə/ or 
i /ʃriː-/;[6][7] Sinhala: ශ්රී ලංකාව, śrī laṃkāva, Tamil: இலங்கை, ilaṅkai), officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, is an island country in the northern Indian Ocean off the southern coast of the Indian subcontinent in South Asia; known until 1972 as Ceylon (/sɨˈlɒnˌ seɪ-ˌ siː-/), Sri Lanka has maritime borders with India to the northwest and the Maldives to the southwest.
Sri Lanka has a documented history that spans over 3000 years.[8] Its geographic location and deep harbours made it of great strategic importance from the time of the ancient Silk Road[9] through to World War II.[10] Sri Lanka is a diverse country, home to many religions, ethnicities and languages.[11] It is the land of the Sinhalese, Sri Lankan Tamils, Moors, Indian Tamils, Burghers, Malays, Kaffirs and the aboriginal Vedda.[12] Sri Lanka has a rich Buddhist heritage, and the first known Buddhist writings were composed on the island.[13] The country's recent history has been marred by a thirty-year civil war which decisively but controversially[14] ended in a military victory in 2009.[15]
Sri Lanka is a republic and a unitary state governed by a presidential system. The capital, Sri Jayawardenapura-Kotte, is a suburb of the largest city, Colombo. An important producer of tea, coffee, gemstones, coconuts, rubber, and the nativecinnamon,[16] Sri Lanka is known as "the Pearl of the Indian Ocean" because of its natural beauty. Sri Lanka has also been called "Pearl of Indian Ocean" because of its shape and location, and "the nation of smiling people".[17] The island contains tropical forests and diverse landscapes with high biodiversity.
The country has had a long history of international engagement, being a founding member of SAARC and a member of the United Nations, the Commonwealth of Nations, the G77 and the Non-Aligned Movement. It is also the only country in South Asia that is currently rated 'high' on the Human Development Index.[5]
he Soulbury constitution ushered in Dominion status, with independence proclaimed on 4 February 1948.[97] D. S. Senanayake became the first Prime Minister of Ceylon.[98] Prominent Tamil leaders like Ponnambalam and Arunachalam Mahadeva joined his cabinet.[95][99] The British Royal Navy remained stationed at Trincomalee until 1956. A countrywide popular demonstration against withdrawal of the rice ration, known as Hartal 1953, resulted in the resignation of prime minister Dudley Senanayake.[100] S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike was elected prime minister in 1956. His three-year rule had a profound impact through his self-proclaimed role of "defender of the besieged Sinhalese culture".[101] He introduced the controversial Sinhala Only Act, recognising Sinhala as the only official language of the government. Although partially reversed in 1958, the bill posed a grave concern for the Tamil community, which perceived in it a threat to their language and culture.[102][103][104] The Federal Party (FP) launched a movement of non-violent resistance (satyagraha) against the bill, which prompted Bandaranaike to reach an agreement (Bandaranaike-Chelvanayakam Pact) with S. J. V. Chelvanayakam, leader of the FP, to resolve the looming ethnic conflict.[105] However, the pact proved ineffective in the face of ongoing protests by opposition and the Buddhist clergy. The bill, together with various government colonisation schemes, contributed much towards the political rancour between Sinhalese and Tamil political leaders.[106] Bandaranaike was assassinated by an extremist Buddhist monk in 1959.[107]
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