The conjunction

§ 1. The conjunction is a part of speech which denotes connections between objects and phenomena. It connects parts of the sentence, clauses, and sentences.

Sadie brought them in and went back to the door. (Mansfield)

... the blinds were down in the dining-room and the lights turned on — and all

the lights were red-roses. (Mansfield)

The other day I was saying to Fabermacher that Haviland isn’t really cruel,

he’s just thoughtless. And Fabermacher said that was the cruellest thing about

the human race. And he’s right. (Wilson)

§ 2. According to their morphological structure conjunctions are divided into the following groups:

(1) simple conjunctions (and, or, but, till, after, that, so, where, when, etc.).

Some of the simple conjunctions are homonymous with prepositions, adverbs, and pronouns.

(2) derivative conjunctions (until, unless, etc.).

(3) compound conjunctions (however, whereas, wherever, etc.). These conjunctions are few.

(4) composite conjunctions (as well as, as long as, in case, for fear (that), on the ground that, for the reason that, etc.).

Some conjunctions are used in pairs (correlatively): both... and, either... or, not only... but (also), neither... nor, whether... or.

If anyone had asked him if he wanted to own her soul, the question would

have seemed to him both ridiculous and sentimental. (Galsworthy)

...nor would John Reed have found it out himself; he was not quick either of

vision or conception. (Ch. Bronte)

Her son had not only come home, but he had come home a good person.

(Abrahams)

Well, they were honest eyes, he concluded, and in them was neither

smallness nor meanness. (London)

He was aware of vague memories of rain and wind and snow, but whether he

had been beaten by the storm for two days or two weeks he did not know.

(London)

§ 3. As to their function conjunctions fall under two classes:

(1) coordinating conjunctions;

(2) subordinating conjunctions.

Coordinating conjunctions join coordinate clauses in a compound sentence (a), or homogeneous parts in a simple sentence (b), or homogeneous subordinate clauses in a complex sentence (c), or independent sentences (d).

(a) He had said he would stay quiet in the hall, but he simply couldn’t any

more; and crossing the gravel of the drive he lay down on the grass beyond.

(Galsworthy)

(b) He opened his eyes and stared quietly at the pure sky. (Wilson)

(c) Hers was that common insularity of mind that makes human creatures

believe that their color, creed, and politics are best and right and that other

human creatures scattered over the world are less fortunately placed than they.

(London)

(d) Fabermacher wasted no time on a comedy of errors, and Havi-land

apologized for his mistake. But he was not as impressed as Erik had wanted

him to be. (Wilson)

Subordinating conjunctions generally join a subordinate or dependent clause to a principal clause (a), or adverbial modifiers to the predicate in a simple sentence (b), or sometimes they join homogeneous parts (c).

(a) When he was eight, he got work in another mill. (London)

(b) He shook his head a bit as if in wonder that he had permitted himself to be

caught in such crosscurrents. (Wilson)

(c) My look or something else must have struck her as offensive, for she

spoke with extreme, though suppressed irritation. (Ch. Bronte)

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