Directions, vehicles, speeds, signals, size, loads

1.______________________ big, small, large

2.______________________ green light, stop, red light

3.______________________ passengers, food, products,

4.______________________ north, backward, left

5.______________________ truck, car, bus

6.______________________ 5 miles an hour, fast, slow

Exercise 3

Circle the word or phrase which is different in meaning. Explain your decision.

1. to exit to leave to get off to arrive to go out of

2. driver motorist trucker vehicle pilot

3. backward to the left exit to the right forward

4. journey load trip vacation travels

5. motor train truck automobile taxi

Exercise 4

Translate into Ukrainian.

Автотранспорт

Вантажні автомобілі й автобуси – це автотранспортні засоби. На вантажівках перевозять товари і продукти, а автобуси використовують як громадський транспорт.

Вантажівки й автобуси мають багато спільного. Часто вони навіть випускаються тими самими компаніями.

Будь-яких розмірів

На відміну від автомобілів, у вантажівок і автобусів є окреме шасі, інакше кажучи, рама на колесах, на яку кріпляться корпус машини. Вантажівка може бути невеликою і розвозити товари в межах одного населеного пункту. Вона може також перевозити вантажі на середні відстані чи бути великоваговим транспортним засобом, масою до 44 т. Автобус, який служить громадським транспортом, як правило, перевозить від 20 до 100 пасажирів.

Автопоїзди

Існує два основних типи вантажівок – такі, де кабіна, кузов і всі колеса кріпляться на одному шасі, і тягачі з причепом. Причеп, призначений для перевезення великих вантажів, називається трейлером. Шасі вантажівок легко пристосувати для будь-яких потреб: на них, наприклад, можна установити цистерни, в яких перевозять рідину (молоко, пальне чи хімічні реактиви), чи бетономішалки. У деяких країнах широко використовують автопоїзди: до важких тягачів послідовно, як вагони до локомотива, чіпляють кілька трейлерів.

Перевезення пасажирів

Автобуси бувають одноповерховими та двоповерховими. Двоповерховий автобус може перевозити більше пасажирів. Одноповерхові автобуси можуть складатися з головної машини та причепа. Попри свою довжину, вони можуть розвернути на невеликому просторі. Крім міських, існують і міжнародні автобуси. Трамвай може складатися з одного або кількох вагонів. Оскільки екологічно це більш чистий вид громадського транспорту, ніж автобус, у багатьох містах відродилося трамвайне сполучення.

Exercise 5

Translate the sentences into Ukrainian.

1.Drivers should be careful of their speed in the cities. 2.They drove their cars at a high speed. 3. Speeding often leads to car accidents. 4.Drivers sometimes have trouble with their car motors in hot weather. 5. Motorists should drive carefully. 6.Cars, buses, and trains are all vehicles. 7.Special trucks are used to take new cars to where they will be sold. 8.Our car easily carries five passengers. 9.The truck lost its load in the middle of the highway. 10.The policeman signaled for us to pull to the side of the road. 11.We didn’t see the traffic signal and didn’t stop for the red light. 12.The truck got off the highway at Exit 14. 13. Parking lot had one exit. 14.The driver backed his car up without looking and hit the car behind him. 15.Back up. You’ve gone too far. 16.The numbers were written backwards, so we couldn’t understand them. 17.The car went backwards and then forward again to get into the parking space. 18.They sent their furniture to their new town via truck. 19. The holes in the road caused many problems for the motorists. 20.The load was inspected before the truck could cross into the neighboring country.

Exercise 6

What do people say in each situation? Use the verb given.

Example: Jack is running towards the bus stop, but he is too late to catch the bus. (miss) Oh bither, I’ve missed the bus!

1. Sheila is in the railway station looking worried. We can see her bag inside the train. The train is moving. (leave) (emergency handle)

2. Sue and Mark are meeting a friend at the station, but so far there is no sign of the train. (arrive)

3. Bill is at the bus stop. He is looking very worried and searching for his Travel Card in his pockets. (forget) (lose)

4. Sue is at the airport to meet friends. The light on the ‘Landed’ sign is now on. (land)

5. The driving instructor is shaking hands with George and smiling. (pass)

? Writing

a) You have had a class discussion about different forms of travel. Write an essay presenting the arguments for and against traveling by boat.

1. What type of essay should you write?

2. Should you short sentences, colloquial expressions and idioms? If not, why?

3. Which of the following points could be included in your essay? Tick (ü). Which points are pros and which are cons? Can you add any other ideas?

1cheaper than other forms of travel
2can be unpleasant in bad weather
3 lots of people go on sailing holidays
4 journeys can take a long time
5 more comfortable and enjoyable than other forms of transport
6 famous explorers traveled the seven seas

Introduction

Paragraph 1present topic (without stating your opinion) Main Body

Paragraph 2arguments for, with justifications/examples Paragraph 3arguments against, with justifications/examples   Conclusion

Final Paragraphyour opinion/balanced summary

b) Read the article and label the paragraphs with the correct headings. What is the writer’s opinion on the topic? Finally, replace the topic sentences in the main body paragraphs with alternative ones.

· arguments against	· opinion
· arguments for	· present topic
Introduction	Did you know the boat was one of the forms of transport? A hundred years ago, the only way to make a journey across the sea was by boat. Nowadays, however, when it is possible to fly from one continent to another in the space of a few hours, is there any reason to travel by boat? Although the boat is a rather old-fashioned way of traveling, it has certain advantages. To begin with, boats are usually more comfortable than planes or cars. Instead of staying in your seat for the whole journey, you can go for a walk on the deck, eat in a restaurant, or even go shopping. Having more space to move around makes a long journey much more pleasant. Furthermore, boats are often cheaper than other forms of travel. For example, a boat ticket usually costs less than a plane ticket. Finally, boats are a safe alternative to cars and planes. There are fewer accidents at sea than in the air or on the roads. However, traveling by boat does have its disadvantages. It usually takes much longer than other forms of travel. As a result, it can be more tiring. In addition, boat trips can be very unpleasant when the weather is bad or the sea is rough, making journeys uncomfortable or even frightening. All things considered, although there are some disadvantages to traveling by boat, I believe it is a very enjoyable experience. Journeys may take longer, but if you have time to spare, you can take advantage of the many facilities which boats have to offer and enjoy a pleasant voyage.	Para 1 …………… …………… ……………
Main Body	Para 2 …………… …………… ……………
Conclusion	Para 3 …………… …………… ……………   Para 4 …………… …………… ……………

c) Read the article again and fill in the blanks below. Then, using expressions from the box on the right, talk about the pros and cons of traveling by boat.

Main Body	Para 2	FOR Arguments 1) more comfortable than other forms of travel 2) ……………………………. 3)……………………………..	Justifications/Examples go for a walk, eat in a restaurant, go shopping, have more space to move around ………………………………… …………………………………
Para 3	AGAINST Arguments 1) ……………………………. 2)……………………………..	Justifications/Examples ……………………………… ………………………………

Useful expressions and linking words/phrases

· to list and add points: in the first place, to start/begin with, secondly, thirdly, finally, in addition (to this), furthermore, moreover, besides. etc.

· to introduce or list advantages: the man/first/most important advantage of…, one/another/an additional advantage of…., one point of view in favour of…., it is often suggested/believed/argued that…., some/many people suggest/feel argue that…., some/many people are in favour of/are convinced that…. etc.

· to introduce or list disadvantages: the main/most important disadvantage/drawback of...., one/another/an additional disadvantage of…., one point/argument against…, some/many people are against…, etc.

· to introduce examples/reasons/results: for example/instance, such as, like, in particular, therefore, for this reason, because, as, since, as a result, etc.

· to show contrast: on the other hand, however, still. but, nonetheless, nevertheless. although, even though, despite/in spite of (the fact that), etc.

· to introduce a conclusion: in conclusion, to conclude/sum up, all in all, finally, lastly, all things considered, taking everything into account/consideration, etc.

d) Read the article again and replace the linking words/phrases in bold with synonymous ones. Then, say which of the linking words/phrases in the article are used to:

a) list/add points	c) show contrast
b) introduce reasons/results	d) introduce a conclusion

e) Underline the correct linking word/phrase.

1. Besides/Despite, television affects the way we think.

2. Many people are against/argue that we need advertisements in order to keep up to date with the latest products on the market.

3. One point of view against/in favour of travelling is that it allows you to meet people from different cultures.

4. Even though/Nevertheless most people nowadays use a computer at work, it will be a while before we stop putting our ideas down on paper.

5. For instance/Still, people who know how to play a musical instrument are usually popular and make friends more easily than others.

f) Read the paragraph below and underline correct linking word/phrase.

There are many advantages to having children at an early age. 1 ) To begin with/In addition to this, when you are young, you have a lot of energy. This means you can cope quite easily with children’s demands for constant care and attention. 2) To conclude/Secondly, young parents can relate to their children and 3) therefore/ nevertheless understand them better. 4) Yet/Finally, when you become a parent at an early age, you are still young enough to enjoy life when your child becomes independent.

Exercise 7

Transport

1) Put ticks (ü) to show which verbs go with which forms of transport.

	1car	2bus	3train	4plane	5bicycle	6ferry
get into/out of	ü
get on/off
take off/land
ride
drive	ü
catch/miss
board
overtake	ü
park	ü

2) Put a number 1 – 6 next to the nouns in the box, depending on which type of transport they are associated with. Some can go into more that one category.

_ handlebars	_ runway	traffic _ lights	_ trolley	check-in _ desk	_ deck
one-way _ street	_ joyrider	_ life jacket	_ tyres	_ traffic jam	_ tunnel
_ slip road	_ trailer	ticket _ collector	_ track	_ spare tyre	_ lay-by
_ platform	_ jetty	service _ station	_ horn	_ timetable	_ porter
_ seat belt	_ carriage	season _ ticket	_ cargo	hand _ luggage	_ cabin
crash _ helmet	_ coach	_ gangway	_ port	_ customs

3) Read the clues and fill in the missing words in the puzzle. What is the vertical word?

a To go past another vehicle because you are moving faster (8)

b A home on wheels that is pulled by a car (7)

c A hard surface on which aircraft take off and land (6)

d A moveable bridge that people use for getting on or off a ship (7)

e A road that leads onto or off a motorway (4, 4)

f A person whose job is to carry suitcases at a railway station, airport, etc. (6)

g The goods that are carried in a ship or aircraft (5)

h A place where petrol and other goods are sold to motorists (7, 7)

i An underground passage, for example for a road or railway (6)

j The curved metal bar at the front of a bicycle that you hold when you are riding it (10)

k A journey to one or more places and back again, often by a different route (5, 4)

l A long line of cars, etc. that cannot move or that can only move very slowly (7, 3)

m The place where government officials check your luggage (7)

n Where you register as a passenger and weigh in your luggage at an airport (5-2, 4)

^a

^b

^c

^d

^e

^f

^g

^h

^i

^j

^k

^l

^m

^n

PART V

TRAFFIC RULES

It is interesting to know

& Reading

Read the text and answer the questions that follow.

HIGHWAYS

The highways in the United States are reasonably good, and it is not complicated to drive on them. They are numbered to show the direction of the highway. Highways with a number ending in 0, 2, 4, 6, or 8 - for example, Hwy 72 - go in an east-west direction. Highways numbered with 1, 3, 5, 7, or 9-for example, Hwy 79 - go north and south. Three numbers, such as 495, show that the highway circles a city so that motorists can avoid the downtown area or heavy city traffic.

Most highway exits are very clear, with the exit name and number on a sign above the road. Exits may lead to a town or onto another highway. On some ways, the exit lane is also the entrance lane for cars coming onto the highways. For this reason, motorists must be careful to use turn signals when exiting so that they don’t cause an accident with entering vehicles.

The speed limit on many large highways is 65 miles, or about 106 kilometers an hour. The speed is always lower on exits and entrances and is frequently lower when a highway passes through a heavily populated area. It is the law that motorists stay at or below the speed limit, pay attention to all traffic signals and wear safety belts. Motorists must also never throw anything out of the car windows. There are many laws against leaving paper and garbage on the highways.

If motorists remember how highways are numbered, drive within the speed limit, and pay attention to other rules of the road, they should have no problems driving on US highways.

* Hwy - the abbreviation for highway

a) 1. How do motorists know which direction they are travelling?

2. Why do some roads have three numbers?

3. How do motorists know which exit is the next?

4. What is unusual about highway exits in some parts of the US?

5. What must motorists be sure to do when exiting (for changing lanes)?

6. What is the speed limit on most highways in the US? When is it different?

7. What are several laws that motorists should remember?

b) 1. What reasons should a motorist have for driving backwards?

2. What are some typical loads that trucks carry?

3. What are some typical signals used to control traffic?

4. What traffic laws must motorists pay attention to in your country?

5. What are some problems large trucks can cause for car drivers?

6. Where is vehicular or motorised traffic usually not permitted? Why?

7. Describe the longest journey you have ever made.

8. How old must a person be to drive a motorized vehicle in your country?

Exercise 1

The answers in the dialogue below have several variants, and the dialogue is not finished. Choose your variant of the dialogue. Decide what could be added to complete the dialogue.

Ashley: What’s the matter? You look upset.

Sam: Wow, I really had a close call today.

Ashley: What happened?

Sam: I was driving south / turning a corner /parking/speeding/coming down the hill on Highway 163 when I had a blowout / flat tire.

Ashley: What did you do?

Sam: I took my foot off the brake and tried to steer to the side of the road, but the car began to skid.

Ashley: You are lucky no one hit you.

Sam: I sure am. Fortunately, I pulled over before anything happened/the car started to skid. I lost control of the car.

Ashley: After you stopped/ pulled over /got out of the car what did you do?

Exercise 2

1. Marco was driving to work. He was going to drop his aunt, Adela, off at her friend’s house, but they didn’t get to their destinations. Why did it happen? To find out what happened put the story in order.

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