Practical tasks

1. Read the pairs below. Single out the phonemes which are contrasted.

pack — back; keen — coin; sent — send; lay — lie; degree — decree; curt — coat; art — out; do — zoo; birch — bird; vice — rice; pin — thin; pot — part; make — shake; near — hear; cab — curb; pull — pearl; deep — dip; mouse — mouth; daily — daisy; week — work.

2. Match the words below to obtain minimal pairs.

a) catch, pip, cheap, sap, he, jail, lap, pair, say, sink, rip, fail, lass, Sam, mink, cap, tear, she, lay, heap, match.

b) cart, wart, Boz, caught, don, what, bars, cod, card, down, cot, cord.

TEST

Choose the odd variant.

1. The statement that the phoneme really exists in actual speech in the material form of speech sounds which have definite articulatory and acoustic features, independent of the will of individual members of a given language community reflects that:

a) the phoneme is a material unit;

b) the phoneme is a real unit;

c) the phoneme is an objective unit;

d) the phoneme is an abstractional unit.

2. The following terms are used to denote types of phonemic variants:

a) principle;

b) combinatory;

c) positional;

d) secondary.

3. The articulatory features which form the invariant of the phoneme may be called:

a) relevant;

b) redundant;

c) distinctive;

d) phonological

Agree or disagree with the statements and correct the false ones.

1. The number of actually pronounced speech sounds is much greater than the number of phonemes.

2. Individual variations of pronunciation are determined by different styles of pronunciation.

3. Allophones of one phoneme can occur in one and the same phonetic context and can differentiate meaning.

4. A phoneme can perform its distinctive function if it is opposed to another phoneme in different phonetic environments.

5. If an allophone of one phoneme is changed for an allophone of another phoneme the mistake is phonetic.

6. The cases of assimilation serve the basis for the phonological oppositions.

Fill in the gaps with the appropriate words or word combinations.

1. The phoneme is an abstractional language unit as it is an a)… of and a b)… from a number of c)… … which are its variants.

2. The phoneme is a a)… unit because in speech it serves to perform three functions such as b)…, c)… and d)….

3. The phoneme is a material, real and objective a)… because it really exists in b)… … in the c)… form of d)… … which have definite e)… and f)… features, independent of the g)… of individual members of a given language community.

4. The functionally a)… bundle of b)… … is called the c)… of the phoneme which is d)… in the mind of the speaker.

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