Paradigmatic stylistics

Paradigmatic phonetics actually describes phonographical stylistic features of a written text.

“Graphons” (a term borrowed from V.A. Kucharenko):

I know these Eye- talians! (Lawrence).

“Father, said one of the children at breakfast.—I want some more ‘am please”,—You mustn’t say ‘am, my child, the correct form is ‘am, — retorted his father, passing the plate with sliced ham on it. “But I did say ‘am, pleaded the boy”. “No, you didn’t: you said ‘am instead of ‘am”. The mother turned to the guest smiling: «Oh, don’t mind them, sir, pray. They are both trying to say ‘am and both think it is ‘am they are saying”.

Other graphic means to emphasize the “unheard” phonetic character­istics such as the pitch of voice, the stress, and other melodic features are italics, capitalisation, repetition of letters, onomatopoeia (sound mutation):

I AM sorry; «Appeeee Noooooyeeeeerr» (Happy New Year); cock-a-doodle-doo.

Paradigmatic morphology observes the stylistic potentials of grammar forms, which Leech would describe as deviant.

Historical present: What else do I remember? Let me see. There comes out of the cloud our house... (Dickens).

Stylistic colouring of gender (personification and depersonification).

In modern English special rules concern whole classes of nouns that are traditionally associated with feminine or masculine gender: thus, countries are generally classed as feminine (France sent her representative to the conference.); a bstract notions associated with strength and fiercenessare personified as masculine while feminine is associated with beauty or gentleness (death, fear, war, anger— he, spring, peace, kindness— she); n ames of vessels and other vehicles (ship, boat, carriage, coach, car) are treated as feminine.

Person: One never knows what happens next/we never know; you never know.

The plural of majesty: By the grace of Our Lord, We, Charles the Second…

The plural of modesty: Now, we come to the conclusion that…

The plural of humility: Oh, we are proud /Мы, стало быть, деревенские…

Pronouns: How is one to know that?/How should a body know it?

Number: Now, what’s that? Reading books instead of working?

How dare he talk like that to ladies?

This is what the student is supposed to know.

Paradigmatic lexicology subdivides English vocabulary into stylistic layers: neutral, positive (elevated) and negative (degraded.)

Positive/elevated

poetic;

official;

professional.

Bookish and archaic words occupy a peculiar place among the other positive words due to the fact that they can be found in any other group (poetic, official or professional).

Neutral Negative/degraded

colloquial; neologisms; jargon; slang;

nonce-words; vulgar words.

Special mention is made of terms.

Paradigmatic syntax has to do with the sentence paradigm: complete­ness of sentence structure, communicative types of sentences, word order, and type of syntactical connection.

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