There were, . real silver spoons to stir the tea with, and real china cups to drink it out of, and plates of the same to hold the cakes and toast in. (Dickens).

Parallel constructions may be partial or complete. Partial parallel arrangement is the repetition of some parts of successive sentences or clauses, as in:

It is the mob that labour in your fields and serve in your houses—that man your navy and recruit your army,—that have enabled you to defy all the world, and can also defy you when neglect and calamity have driven them to despair. (Byron)

Chiasmus (reversed parallel construction) – a stylistic devices based on the repetition of a syntactical pattern, but it has a cross order of words and phrases:

In the days of old men made manners Manners now make men. (Byron).

Down dropped the breeze,

The sails dropped down. (Coleridge)

Chiasmus is sometimes achieved by a sudden change from active voice to passive or vice versa, for example:

The register of his burial was signed by the clergyman, the clerk, the undertaker and the chief mourner. Scrooge signed it. (Dickens)

There are different variants of the structural design of chiasmus:

The night winds sigh, the breakers roar, And shrieks the wild sea-mew. (Byron)

As a lexical device: In the days of old men made manners Manners now make men. (Byron).

Chiasmatic repetition: For glances beget ogles, ogles sighs, sighs wishes, wishes words, and words a letter. (Byron)/ “Stop!”- she cried, “Don’t tell me! I don’t want to hear; I don’t want to hear what you’ve come for. I don’t want to hear.”

The repetition of ‘I don’t want to hear’, is not a stylistic device; it is a means by which the excited state of mind of the speaker is shown.

If the repeated word (or phrase) comes at the beginning of two or more consecutive sentences, clauses or phrases, we have anaphora.

If the repeated unit is placed at the end of con­secutive sentences, clauses or phrases, we have the type of repetition called epiphora, as in:

I am exactly the man to be placed in a superior position in such a case as that. I am above the rest of mankind, in such a case as that. I can act with philosophy in such a case as that. (Dickens)

Framing: Poor doll’s dressmaker! How often so dragged down by hands that should have raised her up; how often so misdirected when losing her way on the eternal road and asking guidance. Poor, little doll’s dressmaker. (Dickens)

Anadiplosis - the last word or phrase of one part of an utterance is repeated at the beginning of the next part, thus hooking the two parts together: Freeman and slave... carried on an uninterrupted, now hidden, now open fight, a fight that each time ended, either in a revolutionary reconstitution of society at large, or in the common ruin of the contending classes.” (Marx, Engels)

Beauty is truth, truth beauty, - that’s is all

Ye know on earth, and all ye need to know (Keats).

Root-repetition: To live again in the youth of the young. (Galsworthy).

Synonymical repetition: are there not capital punishments sufficient in your statutes? Is there not blood enough upon your penal code?” (Byron).

The poetry of earth is never dead... The poetry-of earth is ceasing never...( Keats’ sonnet “The Grasshopper and the Cricket.”)

- pleonasm - the use of more words in a sentence than are necessary to express the meaning; redundancy of expression

- tautology - the repetition of the same statement; the repetition (especially in the immediate context) of the same word or phrase or of the same idea or statement in other words; usually as a fault of style:

It was a clear starry night, and not a cloud was to be seen.

He was the only survivor; no one else was saved.

Enumeration -a stylistic device by which separate things, objects, phenomena, properties, actions are named one by one so that they produce a chain, the links of which, being syntactically in the same position (homogeneous parts of speech), are forced to display some kind of semantic homogeneity, remote though it may seem.

There Harold gazes on a work divine,

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