Colloquial coinages

Colloquial coinages (nonce-words) are spontaneous and elusive. Most of them disappear from the language leaving no trace in it. Some nonce-words and meanings may acquire legitimacy and thus become facts of the language, while on the other hand they may be classified as literary or colloquial according to which of the meanings is being dealt with. When a nonce-word comes into general use and is fixed in dictionaries, it is classified as a neologism for a very short period of time. This shows the objective reality of contemporary life. Technical progress is so rapid that it builds new notions and concepts which in their turn require new words to signify them. Nonce-coinage appears in all spheres of life.

18 Irony is a stylistic device based on the simultaneous realisation of 2 logical meanings:textual and contextual.These meanings are in opposition to each other.The function isn't to produce humorous effect.Types of irony: verbal(ironic statements) - oh, that's beautiful! (the speaker means that he finds it ugly)
dramatic - I'll see you tomorrow! (the audience (but not the character) knows that the character will die before morning) situational - when the result of an action is contrary to the desired or expected effect - "shot with one's own gun".

19 Barbarisms («chic» – stylish, «en passant» – in passing)- words of foreign origin which haven’t entirely being assimilated into the language. They bare the appearance of borrowing and are felt as smth alien to the native tongue. B-s have already become facts of the language. It’s important to distinguish between b-s and foreign words. F.w-s don’t belong to the vocabulary of the language, they aren’t registered by dictionaries. Udarnik, kolhoz aren’t b-s, they are f.w-s with terminological function (there are no names for them in English, so they have to be explained). Solo, tenor – aren’t b-s, they are terms. Terminological borrowings have no synonyms, b-s have.

Hyperbole

is the use of exaggeration as a rhetorical device or figure of speech. It may be used to evoke strong feelings or to create a strong impression, but is not meant to be taken literally.

Hyperboles are exaggerations to create emphasis or effect. As a literary device, hyperbole is often used in poetry, and is frequently encountered in casual speech. An example of hyperbole is: "The bag weighed a ton".[2] Hyperbole helps to make the point that the bag was very heavy although it is not probable that it would actually weigh a ton. On occasion, newspapers and other media use hyperbole when speaking of an accident, to increase the impact of the story. This is more often found in tabloid newspapers, which often exaggerate accounts of events to appeal to a wider audience. In rhetoric, some opposites of hyperbole are meiosis, litotes, understatement, and bathos (the 'letdown' after a hyperbole in a phrase). Hyperbole Examples List * They ran like greased lightning * He's got tons of money * Her brain is the size of a pea * He is older than the hills * I'm so hungry I could eat a goose with its beak! * I have told you a million times not to lie! * You snore louder than a freight train * I have seen this river so wide it had only one bank * She is older than the hills * That joke is so old, the last time I heard it I was riding on a dinosaur * If he talks to me in front of everyone, I will die of embarrassment * Our new school is large enough to have its own zip code* My backpack weighs a ton!

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