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Beginnings and endings of essays

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TYPES OF ESSAYS

POINTS TO CONSIDER

ü Present each point in a separate paragraph. A well-developed paragraph contains a clear topic sentence, which summarizes the contents of the paragraph, as well as clear justification or explanation in support of the point presented.

ü Useful devices to make your composition more interesting are:

- Well-known quotations

- Rhetorical questions

- Thought provoking statements

ü Before you begin writing, you should you should always make list of points you will present.

ü Do not use informal style: contracted forms, colloquial language, etc.

ü Use appropriate linking words/phrases to show the links between paragraphs, as well as to link sentences within the paragraph

ü Use generalization (e.g. In most developed countries education…)

ü Make references to other sources (e.g. Experts have proved that…)

YOU SHOULD NOT

ü Use very emotional language (e.g. I absolutely detest people who…)

ü Use overgeneralization (e.g. All politicians are…)

ü Use personal examples (e.g. In my school…)

BEGINNINGS AND ENDINGS OF ESSAYS

In the first paragraph you should state the topic and / or your opinion, and you may one or more of the following techniques.

· Make reference to an unusual or striking idea/scene/situation

· Address the reader directly and/or ask a rhetorical question

 

· Start with a quotation, a rhetorical question or a thought-provoking statement.

 

In the last paragraph, you should state your opinion and/or give a balanced consideration of the topic, and you may include one of the following techniques.

· Finish with a quotation

· Ask a rhetorical question

· Give the reader something to consider.

 

USEFUL EXPRESSIONS AND LINKING WORDS/PHRASES
To list points Firstly, First of all, In the first place, To begin/start with, Secondly, Thirdly, Finally  
To list advantages One/Another/A further/An additional (major) advantage of... is …, The main/greatest/first advantage of... is...  
To list disadvantages One/Another/ A further/An additional (major) disadvantage/drawback of…, The main/greatest/most serious/first disadvantage /drawback of …, Another negative aspect of...  
To add more points to the same topic In addition (to this), furthermore, moreover, besides apart from, what is more, as well as, not to mention (the fact) that, also, not only.... but also/as well, both … and, There is another side to the issue/question/argument of…  
To introduce points/arguments for or against One (very convincing = убедительный) point/argument in favour of = в поддержку... / against..., A further common criticism of... / It could be argued that...
It is often widely generally claimed suggested argued maintained felt believed held that...
some/many/ most people/experts/ scientists/sceptics/ critics claim/suggest/argue/feel that... maintain/believe/point out/agree/hold that...
advocate (+ing/noun)/support the view that … oppose the view that...
are   in favour of/against... of the opinion that/convinced that opposed to...

 

To make contrasting points
on the other hand, however, still, yet, but, nonetheless, nevertheless, even so It may be said/argued/claimed that…
 
оthers/many people oppose this viewpoint.. (strongly) disagree.... сlaim/feel/believe this argument is incorrect/misguided = ошибочный

 

although, though, even though, while, whilst = пока, whereas = несмотря на то, что, despite/in spite of (the fact that), regardless, the fact that

Opponents of... argue/believe/claim that...

The fact that...contradicts = противоречить the belief/idea that...

While it is true to say that..., in fact...

While/Although …, it cannot be denied that…

 

To introduce example For example, for instance, such as, like, in particular, particularly, especially… It is (clearly) illustrated/shown by the fact that… One/ a clear/striking/typical example of (this)… The fact that… shows/illustrates that…  
To emphasis a point Clearly, obviously, it’s obvious, naturally, of course, needless to say, indeed
To express reality In fact, the fact (of the matter) is, actually, in practice, it is a fact that, in effect
To make general statements As a (general) rule, generally, in general, on the whole, by and large, in most cases
To make partially correct statements To certain extent/degree, to some extent/degree, in a way/sense, this is partly true (but), to a limited extent, there is some truth in (this), in some cases, up to a point
To explain/ clarify a point In other words, that is to say, this/which means that
To express intention = намерение to, so as to, in order to, so that, with the intention of (+ing)
Expressions for giving opinions
To my mind/To my way of thinking… It is my (firm) belief/opinion/view/conviction (that) … In my opinion/view … My opinion is that … I (firmly) believe... I (definitely) feel/think that... I am (not) convinced that… I am inclined = склонен to believe that I (do not) agree that/with… It seems/appears to me… It strikes me that... As far as I am concerned…  

 

To express cause Since/because, in view of/because of/owing to/due to (the fact that)…, the reason that…/why…/for…is that  
To express effect Thus/therefore/so/consequently, the result of…would be, …would result in…  
To express purpose So that…, so as/ in order (not) to…, with the purpose of/intention of (+ing)
To express possibility/ probability It can/could/may/might…, It is possible/probable/(un)likely/foreseeable/certain that…, …is (un)likely to/bound to/certain to/possible/probably…, The likelihood/possibility of (-ing/noun) is…
Problems and solutions
steps measures should must could be taken so as to in order to solve/overcome/combat…. deal with/eradicate = истреблять...

 

 

Serious attempts to halt = прекратить /prevent/solve…must be made

One (possible) Another An alternative way to solve/overcome combat/deal with eradicate this problem the problem (of) would be/is

 

 

People Governments We should focus their/ our attention on ways to solve/overcome the problem of... to improve the situation of... to reduce the impact of... on society…

 

If steps/measures were taken to… If... happened/were to happen, If attempts were made to address the problem he effect/result/ consequence would be...

 

 

By (+ ing)..., we/governments/etc, can ensure that /prevent …

The... situation could be improved if …/It would be a good idea if…

The effect/consequence outcome/result of (+noun/-ing) would might be…

 

 

Conclusion expressing balanced considerations/ opinion Indirectly
In conclusion, On balance, All things considered, Taking everything into account/consideration To conclude, To sum up, All in all, Finally/Lastly it can/must be said/claimed that… it seems/appears that... it would seem that... it is likely/unlikely/possible/foreseeable that… it is clear/obvious that... there is no/little doubt that... the best course of action would be to... achieving a balance between... would be… it is true to say that... although it must be said that... it may be concluded/said that...

 

All things considered, the obvious conclusion to be drawn is that...

There is no absolute answer to the question of…

In the light of this evidence, it is clear/obvious/etc that...

In conclusion, All in all, To turn up it is clear/apparent = очевидный plain/obvious evident from the above foregoing evidence points arguments

 

Conclusion expressing opinion directly
In conclusion, On balance, All things considered, Taking everything into account/consideration, To conclude, To turn up, All in all it is my belief/opinion that... I (firmly) believe/feel/think that... I am convinced that … I am inclined to believe that... I (do not) agree that/with...

 

Taking everything into account, I therefore conclude/feel/believe (that) …

For the above-mentioned reason, therefore, I (firmly) believe that…

 

 


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