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Johnson (1971) has listed two major advantages of tourism in rural areas. The first is economic: tourism creates employment. The jobs are mainly in the travel industry, hotels, guest houses, restaurants and cafes. However, visitors spend their money in a variety of ways which affect other jobs indirectly. For example, by buying local souvenirs and gifts, tourists help to support local shops. The second advantage of tourism is the support that the income provides for local services and amenities. Because large numbers of visitors use the local buses etc. it makes it possible to keep these buses running for local people.
As well as advantages there are also three main disadvantages of tourism. The first is erosion of the countryside by so many people: paths, grass and other areas of vegetation and woodland get worn away. In addition, tourist traffic causes congestion and obstruction and delays local people doing their work. Finally, an influx of tourists causes pollution problems in many areas. The pollution can take many forms but the main ones are the exhaust fumes of vehicles which pollute the atmosphere, and the litter that people leave behind, such as tin cans, plastic and paper, and bottles.
4.16. Fill in the blanks in the text using the phrases from the box.
| a) critically discussing and referencing work b) develop a thorough understanding of and insight into c) research question(s) and objectives d) primary literature e) brainstorming and relevance trees f) at a more general level g) a logically argued way h) following up references in articles you have already read i) key words and search terms |
A critical review of the literature is necessary to help you to 1) …….. previous research that relates to your research question(s) and objectives. Your review will set your research in context by 2) …….. that has already been undertaken, drawing out key points and presenting them in 3) …….., and highlighting those areas where you will provide fresh insights. It will lead the reader into subsequent sections of your project report.
There is no one correct structure for a critical review, although it is helpful to think of it as a funnel in which you start 4) …….. prior to non-owing down to your specific research question(s) and objectives.
Literature sources can be divided into three categories: primary, secondary and tertiary. In reality, these categories often overlap. Your use of these resources will depend on your research question(s) and objectives. Some may use only tertiary and secondary literature. For others, you may need to locate 5) …….. as well.
When planning your literature search you need:
● to have clearly defined 6) ……..;
● to define the parameters of your search;
● to generate 7) …….;
● to discuss your ideas as widely as possible.
Techniques to help you in this include 8) ……...
Your literature search will be undertaken using a variety of approaches in tandem. These will include:
● searching using tertiary sources and the Internet;
● 9) …….;
● scanning and browsing secondary literature in your library.
Once obtained, the literature must be evaluated for its relevance to your research question(s) and objectives. This must include a consideration of each item’s currency. Each item must be read and noted. Bibliographic details, a brief description of the content and appropriate supplementary information should also be recorded.
■ Examples of book reviews you can find and study in Appendix 3.
4.17. Write a review of a book you would like to recommend to your fellow-students. Bring the book to class for the students to browse through while you talk about it. The points to be covered:
1. The title of the book. 2. The time and the place of its publication. 3. The aim of the book. 4. The subject of the book. 5. For whom the book is written. 6. The author(s) of the book. 7. The list of references. 8. The arrangement of the subject matter. 9. The contents of each part. 10. The style and the way the book is illustrated. 11. Your own opinion about the value of the book.
4.18. Discuss with your partner the answers to the following questions and share your ideas with the group.
1. What is the subject of your research?
2. What is the object of your investigation?
3. The subject of your research is of practical importance, isn’t it?
4. What kind of book do you consult if you need some information?
5. What references do you usually consult?
6. Have you already published any articles?
7. When and where did you publish them?
8. Is there much or little material published on the subject of your research?
9. Is it easy to be a researcher?
10. Did you work hard preparing for the candidate examination in English?
4.19. Translate the following sentences into English.
1. Данные, которые необходимо получить в ходе экспериментов, будут представлены в таблицах.
2. Мыпредпочитаем развивать эту идею с точки зрения последних достижений в этой области.
3. Мой руководитель настаивает на том, чтобы мы приняли участие в ежегодной научной конференции.
4.Она не возражает против совместного доклада.
5. Яполагаюсь на свой собственный опыт.
6. Результаты эксперимента будут опубликованы.
7. Рабочая гипотеза, которую необходимо проверить, была выдвинута в прошлом году.
8. Исследовательская работа, проводимая в этой лаборатории, обсуждалась на последней конференции.
9. Неудачи эксперимента обусловлены отсутствием современного оборудования. Из-за неточных измерений результаты оказались неправильными.
10. Нам не удалось прийти к каким-либо выводам.
11. Здесь я только перечислю основные работы российских и зарубежных авторов за последние пять лет в данной области.
12. Наша статья будет состоять из нескольких разделов: выступления, рассмотрения материалов и методов, обсуждение результатов и выводов.
13. Все ссылки на цитируемые работы будут даны в конце статьи в алфавитном порядке независимо от того, в каком порядке они упомянуты в тексте.
14. Литература, краткий обзор которой будет дан в начале этой статьи, прежде всего посвящена теоретическому рассмотрению этих процессов.
15. В этом журнале напечатана интересная статья о новых полупроводниковых материалах.
16. В монографии прослеживается несколько новых идей о методике исследования.
17. В статье сообщаются только предварительные результаты и выводы.
18. Мое сообщение явится обзором имеющихся в литературе данных о строении и функции клетки.
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