Past Perfect.

Употребляется для выражения прошедшего действия, которое уже совершилось до определенного момента в прошлом, предпрошедшее время.

Этот момент может быть определен такими обозначениями времени:

a) By 5 o’clock, by Saturday, By the fifth of December, By the end of the year, By that time

We had translated the article by 5 o’clock.

We had shipped the goods by that time.

By the end of the year he had learned to speak French.

That plant had fulfilled it’s yearly plan of production by the 5^th of December.

B) Другим (более поздним) прошедшим действием выраженным в Past indefinite.

They had shipped the goods when your telegram arrived (можно подставить «уже»)

We carefully examined the samples which they had sent us (обратная хронология)

They informed us that they had chartered the S.S. Minsk for the transportation of goods. (обратная хронология)

Past Perf может обозначать действие которое еще не успело совершиться до определенного момента в прошлом.

They had not reached the station when it began to rain

They hadn’t yet loaded the goods when they received our telegram.

C) со словами already yet

They had already shipped the goods when your telegram arrived When we send the telegram they had not shipped the goods yet.

C) Время до которого совершилось действие обозначаемое ПП может быть упомянуто в другом предложении.

I was going to the station when it began to rain. Fortunately, I had taken an umbrella and had put on a coat.

I received a letter from my brother yesterday. I hadn’t herd from him for a long time.

D) Прошедшие действия которые передаться в той последовательности которой они происходили передаются В Past indefinite.

He arrived at the Leningrad station, took a taxi and drove to the hotel. Then he went to the telegraph office and sent his wife a telegram.

He came home late in the evening. He had supper, read the newspaper and went to bed.

E) Когда последовательность действие прерывается упоминанием о ранее совершившихся действиях, то такие ранее совершившиеся действия выражаются глаголом в Past Perf.

He came home late in the evening. He had visited the Museum of Fine Arts and had been to the concert. He had supper, read the newspaper and feeling tired, went to bed.

F) после союза after после того как

After he had turned off the light, he left the room.

After he had signed the letter, he asked the secretary to send if off.

I took the decision after I had spoken to John.

Дата добавления: 2015-11-14