Fill in linguistics flowchart. Be ready to explain its meaning. One point is done for you.

LINGUISTICS

synchronic diachronic microlinguistics macrolinguistics

theoretical applied

- description of a language as it is at a given time

4. Methods of studying language and its history.Fill in the gaps in the table according to the model.

Year/Century	Name of method	Representative/s	Brief description
	comparative	orientalist Sir William Jones	Sanscrit, Greek and Latin ‘must have sprung from some common source, which perhaps no longer exists’
20^th century

5. Do you remember these terms? Find their definitions.

1 The Indo-Eropean family of languages 2 The First Consonant Shift 3 Verner’s Law 4 Structuralism 5 Langue and parole 6 Glossematics 7 Functionalism 8 Phonology 9 Theory of markedness 10 Theme and rheme

Elaborate on the sources that can be used for studying the history of language.

See the model.

· extant tests: give a picture of vocabulary and grammar; disadvantage- pronunciation may be misleading as sounds may change but spellings remain. Pronunciation can be influenced by illiterate spelling in private letters and diaries.

· rhymes:

· related languages:

· ancient historians and geographers:

· method of internal reconstruction:

Periods in the history of the English language. Answer the questions.

1) What criteria did Henry Sweet use to divide the history of English into 3 periods?

2) Why do modern linguists disagree with him?

3) What factors should be taken into consideration while dividing it into periods?

4) What is the role of external (extralinguistic) factors in describing the history of a language?

8. What seems unusual in this table?

PERIODS IN THE HISTORY OF ENGLISH

	Early OE (pre-written OE)	c. 450 – c.700	OLD
	OE (written OE)	c.700 – 1066	ENGLISH
	Early ME	1066 – 1350	MIDDLE
	ME (classical ME)	1350 – 1475	ENGLISH
	Early NE	1476 – 1660	NEW
	Normalization Period	1660 – 1800	ENGLISH
	Late NE	1800 –……….	(Mod. English)

9. Read the passage below and identify its authorship. Look back at your lecture notes. What impetus did the observation give to philology?

Sanskrit bore to both Greek and Latin a stronger affinity, both in the roots of verbs, and in the forms of grammar, than could possibly have been produced by accident; so strong, indeed, that no philologer could examine them all three, without believing them to have sprung from some common source, which, perhaps, no longer exists. There is a similar reason, though not quite so forcible, for supposing that both the Gothick [i.e., Germanic] and the Celtick, though blended with a very different idiom, had the same origin with the Sanscrit; and the old Persian might be added to the same family....

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