Add a prefix from the table to the words below. Explain their meaning.

FILM PRODUCTION

Vocabulary

a) Complete the sentences with the words below:

hire/ personnel/ propose/ obtain/ liaison/ chief/ adapt/ assemble/ scriptwriter/location/ treatment/ contemporary

1. There needs to be closer ___(cooperation) between various crews.

2. His main responsibility is to ___(employ) and to fire people.

3. We have to ___(get) our director’s permission before we do anything.

4. How long would it take to ____(put together) a team for this project?

5. Dana had always considered her looks her ____(main) asset.

6. For the scenery we’ve bought ___(modern) furniture and some pictures.

7. The producer of our film prefers to hire experienced ____(staff).

8. He was a famous ____(screenwriter).

9. Yesterday we submitted the ____(synopsis) of our new film.

10. I ___(put forward) an idea of making a film about wild animals of our region.

11. They’ve found a suitable ____(place) for shooting.

12. This film is ____(changed) from a Michael Crichton novel.

Reading.

a) What do you think?

1. What do you know about making the movie?

2. How many phases of production do the films go through?

3. What specialists are involved in making a film?

b) Read the text.

The movie that is distributed and exhibited to us must be produced. The process of film production involves not only technology and finding people working together. Most films go through three phases of production: preparation, shooting and assembly.

These three phases include many particular jobs. The fin-grained division of labour is a reliable way to prepare, shoot, and assemble large-budget movies.

The Preproduction Phase

In professional filmmaking, the preparation phase is known as preproduction. At this point, two roles are central: that of producer and that of screenwriter.

The tasks of the producer are chiefly financial and organizational. She or he may be an “independent” producer or work for a distribution company and generate ideas for films. A studio also hires a producer to put together a particular package.

The producer nurses the project through the script process, obtains financial support, and arranges to hire the personnel who will work on the film. During shooting and assembly, the producer usually acts as the liaison between the writer or director and the company that is financing the film. After the film is completed, the producer will often have the task of arranging the distribution, promotion, and marketing of the film and of monitoring the paying back of the money invested in the production.

A single producer may take on all these tasks, but in the contemporary American film industry the producer’s work is further subdivided. The executive producer is often the person who arranged the financing for the project or obtained the literary property. Once the production is under way, the line producer oversees the day-to-day activities of director, cast, and crew. The line producer is assigned by an associate producer, who acts as a liaison with laboratories or technical personnel.

The chief task of the screenwriter is to prepare the script. Sometimes the writer will send a script to an agent, who submits it to a production company. Or an experienced screenwriter meets with a producer in a “pitch session,” where the writer can propose ideas for scripts. Alternatively, sometimes the producer has an idea for a film and hires a scriptwriter to develop it. This course of action is common if the producer has bought the rights to a novel or play and wants it adapted into a film.

The script will go through several stages. These stages include a treatment, a synopsis of the action; then one or more full-length scripts; and a final version, the shooting script. Extensive rewriting is common, and writers have resigned themselves to seeing their work recast over and over. Often the director or star will want changes in the script. Shooting scripts are constantly altered too. Some directors allow actors to modify the dialogue, and problems on location or in a set may necessitate changes in the scene. In the assembly stage, script scenes that have been shot are often condensed, rearranged, or dropped entirely.

If the producer or director finds one writer’s screenplay unsatisfactory, other writers may be hired to revise it. Most Hollywood screenwriters earn their living by rewriting other writer’s scripts.

As the script is being written or rewritten, the producer is planning the film’s finances. He or she has sought out a director and stars to make the package seem a promising investment. The producer must prepare a budget spelling out above-the-line costs (the costs of literary property, scriptwriter, director, and a major cast) and below-the-line- costs (the expenses allotted to the crew, secondary cast, the shooting and assembly phases, insurance, and publicity). The sum above- and below-the-line- costs is called the negative cost (that is, the total cost of producing the film’s master negative). In 1999, the average Hollywood negative cost ran about 50 million dollars.

The producer must also prepare a daily schedule for shooting the film. This will be done with an eye on the budget. Since transporting equipment and personnel to a location is a major expense, producers usually prefer to shoot all the scenes taking place in one location at one time. A producer must also plan to “shoot around” actors who can’t be on the set every day. Many producers try to schedule the most difficult scenes early, before cast and crew begin to tire. Keeping all such contingencies in mind, the producer comes up with a schedule that juggles cast, crew, locations, and even seasons and geography most efficiently

c) Answer the questions:

1. What three phases do most films go through?

2. What are the central roles at the preproduction phase?

3. What are the tasks of the producer?

4. How is the producer’s work subdivided?

5. What is the task of the screenwriter?

6. What stages does the script go through?

7. In what way are the film finances planned?

8. How does the producer take part in shooting process?

Vocabulary.

Here are some prefixes:

Prefix	Meaning/ use	Example
un + verb/ adjective sub +noun re+ verb/ noun/ adjective	negative/ opposite less/ lower repeat all over again	unlock unhappy subcommittee replant reconstruction repairable

Add a prefix from the table to the words below. Explain their meaning.

___plot, ___cast, ___tell, ___division, ___resolved, ___safe, ___present, ___contract, ___arrange, ___skilful, ___move, ___natural, ___group, ___ population, ___ satisfactory, ___ new, ___ name, ___ pack, ___occupied.

Grammar.

a) Complete the sentences with the proper word (in/ out/ through/ under/ together/ on/ up)

1. She sought ___ and acquired all his early paintings.

2. Don’t take ___ more than you can cope with.

3. It’s frustrating when you have to spell everything ___ for them.

4. Keep it ___mind when you come to make your decision.

5. His novel has gone ___ ten editions.

6. He took the camera to pieces and then put it ___ again.

7. The project is now well ___way.

8. Please, keep an eye ___ the equipment until I come back.

9. She came ____ with a new idea for adapting the script.

b) Look through the text again and find the examples of Passive Construction. Define the tense.

c) Rewrite these sentences putting the verbs in the passive

Example: My car/ damage/ last night (past) – My car was damaged last night.

This computer / make/ in the USA (present) – This computer is made in the USA.

1. The machines/ make/ in Scotland. (present)

2. The script/ rewrite/ several times. (past)

3. The idea for the film/ develop/ in some form. (present)

4. The invitation/ post/ yesterday. (past)

5. The distribution company/ convince/ to finance this film. (past)

6. The film/ modify/ immensely during the production. (present)

7. The images and sounds/ combine/ in their final forms (present)

8. The finds/ acquire/ to support the film. (past)

9. The film/ adapt/ as a Broadway show. (past)

10. The script/ send/ to an agent. (present)

Vocabulary.

a) Look at the verbs below. What words refer to the process of guiding?

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